49 research outputs found
De novo TBR1 variants cause a neurocognitive phenotype with ID and autistic traits:report of 25 new individuals and review of the literature
TBR1, a T-box transcription factor expressed in the cerebral cortex, regulates the expression of several candidate genes for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although TBR1 has been reported as a high-confidence risk gene for ASD and intellectual disability (ID) in functional and clinical reports since 2011, TBR1 has only recently been recorded as a human disease gene in the OMIM database. Currently, the neurodevelopmental disorders and structural brain anomalies associated with TBR1 variants are not well characterized. Through international data sharing, we collected data from 25 unreported individuals and compared them with data from the literature. We evaluated structural brain anomalies in seven individuals by analysis of MRI images, and compared these with anomalies observed in TBR1 mutant mice. The phenotype included ID in all individuals, associated to autistic traits in 76% of them. No recognizable facial phenotype could be identified. MRI analysis revealed a reduction of the anterior commissure and suggested new features including dysplastic hippocampus and subtle neocortical dysgenesis. This report supports the role of TBR1 in ID associated with autistic traits and suggests new structural brain malformations in humans. We hope this work will help geneticists to interpret TBR1 variants and diagnose ASD probands
Valorisation Ă©conomique et environnementale des complĂ©mentaritĂ©s culture-Ă©levage Ă travers la production locale de lĂ©gumineuses : approche par modĂ©lisation de lâOuest de la France
This Ph.D. thesis studies crop-livestock complementarities enabled by legumes in the region of western France. Economic and environmental assessment of these complementarities is performed from the farm scale to the regional scale. The main contribution of this research is the development of the bio-economic model SYNERGY, which represents local exchanges of crops (including legumes) and manure between crop-oriented farms and livestock-oriented farms. This model represents the pre-crop effect of legumes and includes alternative rations with these high-protein crops. The main simulation results show that coupled subsidies to legumesincrease their production but do not lead to better valuation of technical complementarities. One way to increase the use of legumes in animal feed is to label GMO-free animal products. However, since the simulated local exchanges of legumes remain low, these crops are largely imported from outside the region. Thus, the economic and environmental results do not improve at the regional scale, and protein self-sufficiency decreases.Finally, at the scale of the agro-food chain, exchanges of legumes lead to high transaction costs, which current contracts reduce only slightly. Developing markets that value local resources could foster legume production.increase their production but do not lead to better valuation of technical complementarities. One way to increase the use of legumes in animal feed is to label GMO-free animal products. However, since the simulated local exchanges of legumes remain low, these crops are largely imported fromCette thĂšse de doctorat porte sur les complĂ©mentaritĂ©s culture-Ă©levage permises par les lĂ©gumineuses, dans la rĂ©gion de l'Ouest de la France. Une Ă©valuation Ă©conomique et environnementale de ces complĂ©mentaritĂ©s est rĂ©alisĂ©e depuis lâĂ©chelle de lâexploitation agricole jusquâĂ celle de la rĂ©gion.Le principal apport de cette thĂšse est lâĂ©laboration dâun modĂšle bioĂ©conomique SYNERGY qui modĂ©lise les Ă©changes locaux de cultures (dont les lĂ©gumineuses) et dâeffluents entre des exploitations de grandes cultures et des exploitations d'Ă©levage. Ce modĂšle prend en compte lâeffet prĂ©cĂ©dent des lĂ©gumineuses et comprend des rations alternatives avec ces cultures riches en protĂ©ines. Les principaux rĂ©sultats de simulation montrent que les aides couplĂ©es aux lĂ©gumineuses accroissent leurproduction mais nâengendrent pas une meilleure valorisation des complĂ©mentaritĂ©s techniques. Un moyen dâaccroĂźtre l'utilisation de lĂ©gumineuses en alimentation animale est de labelliser les produits animaux sans OGM. Cependant, les Ă©changes locaux simulĂ©s restant faibles, les lĂ©gumineuses sont en grande partie importĂ©es de lâextĂ©rieur de la rĂ©gion. Ainsi, les rĂ©sultats Ă©conomiques et environnementaux ne sont pas amĂ©liorĂ©s Ă lâĂ©chelle rĂ©gionale et l'autonomie en protĂ©ines diminue. Enfin, Ă lâĂ©chelle des filiĂšres, nous montrons que les Ă©changes de lĂ©gumineuses engendrent des coĂ»ts de transaction Ă©levĂ©s, peu rĂ©duits par les contrats existants. Le dĂ©veloppement de marchĂ©s valorisant les ressources locales pourrait encourager la culture de lĂ©gumineuses
Economic and environmental benefits from crop-livestock complementarities through local legume production : a modelling approach for western France
Cette thĂšse de doctorat porte sur les complĂ©mentaritĂ©s culture-Ă©levage permises par les lĂ©gumineuses, dans la rĂ©gion de l'Ouest de la France. Une Ă©valuation Ă©conomique et environnementale de ces complĂ©mentaritĂ©s est rĂ©alisĂ©e depuis lâĂ©chelle de lâexploitation agricole jusquâĂ celle de la rĂ©gion.Le principal apport de cette thĂšse est lâĂ©laboration dâun modĂšle bioĂ©conomique SYNERGY qui modĂ©lise les Ă©changes locaux de cultures (dont les lĂ©gumineuses) et dâeffluents entre des exploitations de grandes cultures et des exploitations d'Ă©levage. Ce modĂšle prend en compte lâeffet prĂ©cĂ©dent des lĂ©gumineuses et comprend des rations alternatives avec ces cultures riches en protĂ©ines. Les principaux rĂ©sultats de simulation montrent que les aides couplĂ©es aux lĂ©gumineuses accroissent leurproduction mais nâengendrent pas une meilleure valorisation des complĂ©mentaritĂ©s techniques. Un moyen dâaccroĂźtre l'utilisation de lĂ©gumineuses en alimentation animale est de labelliser les produits animaux sans OGM. Cependant, les Ă©changes locaux simulĂ©s restant faibles, les lĂ©gumineuses sont en grande partie importĂ©es de lâextĂ©rieur de la rĂ©gion. Ainsi, les rĂ©sultats Ă©conomiques et environnementaux ne sont pas amĂ©liorĂ©s Ă lâĂ©chelle rĂ©gionale et l'autonomie en protĂ©ines diminue. Enfin, Ă lâĂ©chelle des filiĂšres, nous montrons que les Ă©changes de lĂ©gumineuses engendrent des coĂ»ts de transaction Ă©levĂ©s, peu rĂ©duits par les contrats existants. Le dĂ©veloppement de marchĂ©s valorisant les ressources locales pourrait encourager la culture de lĂ©gumineuses.This Ph.D. thesis studies crop-livestock complementarities enabled by legumes in the region of western France. Economic and environmental assessment of these complementarities is performed from the farm scale to the regional scale. The main contribution of this research is the development of the bio-economic model SYNERGY, which represents local exchanges of crops (including legumes) and manure between crop-oriented farms and livestock-oriented farms. This model represents the pre-crop effect of legumes and includes alternative rations with these high-protein crops. The main simulation results show that coupled subsidies to legumesincrease their production but do not lead to better valuation of technical complementarities. One way to increase the use of legumes in animal feed is to label GMO-free animal products. However, since the simulated local exchanges of legumes remain low, these crops are largely imported from outside the region. Thus, the economic and environmental results do not improve at the regional scale, and protein self-sufficiency decreases.Finally, at the scale of the agro-food chain, exchanges of legumes lead to high transaction costs, which current contracts reduce only slightly. Developing markets that value local resources could foster legume production.increase their production but do not lead to better valuation of technical complementarities. One way to increase the use of legumes in animal feed is to label GMO-free animal products. However, since the simulated local exchanges of legumes remain low, these crops are largely imported fro
Economic and environmental benefits from crop-livestock complementarities through local legume production: a modelling approach for western France
This Ph.D. thesis studies crop-livestock complementarities enabled by legumes in the region of western France. Economic and environmental assessment of these complementarities is performed from the farm scale to the regional scale.
The main contribution of this research is the development of the bio-economic model SYNERGY, which represents local exchanges of crops (including legumes) and manure between crop-oriented farms and livestock-oriented farms. This model represents the pre-crop effect of legumes and includes alternative rations with these high-protein crops. The main simulation results show that coupled subsidies to legumes
increase their production but do not lead to better valuation of technical complementarities. One way to increase the use of legumes in animal feed is to label GMO-free animal products. However, since the simulated local exchanges of legumes remain low, these crops are largely imported from outside the region. Thus, the economic and environmental results do not improve at the regional scale, and protein self-sufficiency decreases.
Finally, at the scale of the agro-food chain, exchanges of legumes lead to high transaction costs, which current contracts reduce only slightly. Developing markets that value local resources could foster legume production.Cette thĂšse de doctorat porte sur les complĂ©mentaritĂ©s culture-Ă©levage permises par les lĂ©gumineuses, dans la rĂ©gion de l'Ouest de la France. Une Ă©valuation Ă©conomique et environnementale de ces complĂ©mentaritĂ©s est rĂ©alisĂ©e depuis lâĂ©chelle de lâexploitation agricole jusquâĂ celle de la rĂ©gion.
Le principal apport de cette thĂšse est lâĂ©laboration dâun modĂšle bioĂ©conomique SYNERGY qui modĂ©lise les Ă©changes locaux de cultures (dont les lĂ©gumineuses) et dâeffluents entre des exploitations de grandes cultures et des exploitations d'Ă©levage. Ce modĂšle prend en compte lâeffet prĂ©cĂ©dent des lĂ©gumineuses et comprend des rations alternatives avec ces cultures riches en protĂ©ines. Les principaux rĂ©sultats de simulation montrent que les aides couplĂ©es aux lĂ©gumineuses accroissent leur
production mais nâengendrent pas une meilleure valorisation des complĂ©mentaritĂ©s techniques. Un moyen dâaccroĂźtre l'utilisation de lĂ©gumineuses en alimentation animale est de labelliser les produits animaux sans OGM. Cependant, les Ă©changes locaux simulĂ©s restant faibles, les lĂ©gumineuses sont en grande partie importĂ©es de lâextĂ©rieur de la rĂ©gion. Ainsi, les rĂ©sultats Ă©conomiques et environnementaux ne sont pas amĂ©liorĂ©s Ă lâĂ©chelle rĂ©gionale et l'autonomie en protĂ©ines diminue.
Enfin, Ă lâĂ©chelle des filiĂšres, nous montrons que les Ă©changes de lĂ©gumineuses engendrent des coĂ»ts de transaction Ă©levĂ©s, peu rĂ©duits par les contrats existants. Le dĂ©veloppement de marchĂ©s valorisant les ressources locales pourrait encourager la culture de lĂ©gumineuses
Les AOC viticoles face au changement climatique : exploration des voies dâadaptation par la prospective et lâanalyse Ă©conomique
Le secteur agricole se trouve au cĆur de la problĂ©matique de lâadaptation au changement
climatique car il est Ă la fois lâun des principaux responsables et lâune des premiĂšres victimes. La
filiĂšre vitivinicole est, elle, considĂ©rĂ©e comme un modĂšle dâĂ©tude Ă part entiĂšre. Elle est en effet
caractĂ©risĂ©e par la prĂ©pondĂ©rance du dispositif des Appellations dâOrigine ContrĂŽlĂ©e (AOC), basĂ©
sur la notion de terroir. Or les modifications attendues du climat changeront profondément les
caractĂ©ristiques des terroirs, et donc les fondements mĂȘmes de la stratĂ©gie de diffĂ©renciation de la
filiĂšre. Le projet LACCAVE (Long term Adaptation to Climate ChAnge in Viticulture and Enology),
dans lequel sâinscrit mon Ă©tude, vise ainsi Ă Ă©tudier de maniĂšre globale les consĂ©quences du
changement climatique dans le secteur viticole, et Ă explorer les scĂ©narios dâadaptations qui
sâoffrent aux acteurs de la filiĂšre. Mon mĂ©moire sâintĂ©resse plus particuliĂšrement aux futurs
possibles du dispositif des AOC, en Ă©tudiant quelles innovations, aussi bien techniques
quâinstitutionnelles, pourraient ĂȘtre dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Il sâappuie sur deux outils complĂ©mentaires :
dâune part un exercice de prospective et dâautre part une analyse Ă©conomique associant le modĂšle
des produits de qualitĂ© liĂ©e Ă lâorigine, et lâĂ©conomie des coĂ»ts de transaction. Lâobjectif est
dâĂ©valuer les consĂ©quences du changement climatique sur lâefficacitĂ© Ă©conomique du dispositif
des AOC et dâen esquisser des Ă©volutions possibles, afin dâapprĂ©hender de maniĂšre plus concrĂšte
lâavenir de la filiĂšre vitivinicole.The agricultural sector is at the core of climate change adaptation issues because it is both one on
the main causes and one of the first victims. The French wine industry is seen as a case study. As
a matter of fact, it is regulated through a system of Protected Geographical Indications (PGI),
based on the âterroirâ concept. Yet, terroirsâ characteristics will be dramatically altered by the
expected climate changes and so will the whole differentiation strategy of wine industry. The
LACCAVE project (Long term Adaptation to Climate ChAnge in Viticulture and Enology), which my
study is a part of, aims at globally studying globally climate change consequences on the wine
industry, and at exploring strategic scenarios of adaptation. My essay focuses on possible futures
for PGI, by studying which technical and institutional innovations might be implemented. It leans on
two complementary tools: on the one hand, a foresight study of the sector and on the other hand
an economic analysis combining the model of PGI products and transaction costs economics. The
objective is to evaluate climate change consequences on the PGIâs economic efficiency system
and to outline its possible evolutions in order to understand the wine industryâs future in concrete
term
Pourquoi faut-il changer de stratégie dans la protection des cultures ?
International audienceAujourdâhui, lâagriculture française est largement dĂ©pendante des pesticides : des systĂšmes de culture, aux entreprises dâamont et dâaval, en passant par les exploitations, câest lâensemble du fonctionnement des filiĂšres agricoles et agroalimentaires qui repose sur lâutilisation de pesticides (figure 2.1). Des stratĂ©gies existent pourtant pour diminuer, voire se passer complĂštement des pesticides. Dâune part, lâIPM vise Ă limiter au maximum lâutilisation de ces intrants. Dâautre part, lâAB implique un cahier des charges qui interdit lâutilisation des pesticides de synthĂšse
Pourquoi faut-il changer de stratégie dans la protection des cultures ?
International audienceAujourdâhui, lâagriculture française est largement dĂ©pendante des pesticides : des systĂšmes de culture, aux entreprises dâamont et dâaval, en passant par les exploitations, câest lâensemble du fonctionnement des filiĂšres agricoles et agroalimentaires qui repose sur lâutilisation de pesticides (figure 2.1). Des stratĂ©gies existent pourtant pour diminuer, voire se passer complĂštement des pesticides. Dâune part, lâIPM vise Ă limiter au maximum lâutilisation de ces intrants. Dâautre part, lâAB implique un cahier des charges qui interdit lâutilisation des pesticides de synthĂšse
Legume production challenged by European policy coherence: a case-study approach from French and German dairy farms
Legumes can contribute to a more sustainable agriculture by limiting N fertilisation, diversifying crop rotation and substituting imported protein-rich feed. However, their production remains low in the European Union, which had led to specific policies. For instance, following the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, France established Voluntary Coupled Support (VCS) scheme for legumes. Germany did not introduce a VCS, but provides more favourable implementation of the Nitrates Directive (ND) for legumes by allowing spreading manure on these crops. Our study quantifies economic and environmental impacts of the VCS and measures of the ND affecting legume production in France and Germany. We employ the bio-economic model FarmDyn, parameterised for a typical dairy farm in France and Germany, to analyse different levels of VCS per hectare and to compare the French versus the German implementation of the ND. Results suggest that VCS leads to a significant increase in legume production. The implementation of the German ND can foster legume production due to the possibility of spreading manure on legumes. The policy induced increase in legume production is lower in the German farm due to higher opportunity costs of legumes. In both farms, the profit slightly increases but the share of VCS in the profit rises. Environmental indicators are overall improved. Thus, VCS, coupled with an adapted implementation of the Nitrate Directive, is an effective policy to foster environmental benefits from increased legume production. However, the effectiveness of these policies highly depends on the opportunity costs of legumes in each country