337 research outputs found

    Success Despite Starting out at a Disadvantage: What Helps Second-Generation Migrants in France and Germany?

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    The educational and employment trajectories of migrant children in France and Germany are extremely diverse. The few successful ones dominate the public eye. Yet successful biographies of young adults with a migration background are in no way a negligible exception. However, the picture is different in the two countries: while in France more migrants' descendants manage to reach their (secondary?) general qualification for university entrance in Germany they are overrepresented particularly at the Hauptschule (general secondary school). It is, however, considerably more difficult for these young people in France to gain a long-term foothold in the labor market, while in Germany they often take the chance to acquire a vocational qualification and have better job opportunities. As part of a three-year research project, the question examined was which social and institutional factors can stabilize educational attainment and professional orientation. On the basis of qualitative interviews, which were conducted with young adults with a migration background in four disadvantaged areas of Berlin and Paris, it is possible to name three factors that play an important role in the success and/or the stabilization of early educational and employment trajectories: the support provided by significant third parties, entry into milieus which are more socially and culturally diverse, and the prospect of a "second chance."Migration, integration, second generation, education, labor market, trajectories

    RĂ©forme de soi et transformation du monde. Quelles rĂ©sonances entre la Lebensreform et l’altermondialisation ?

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    International audience“Alternativity-Metamorphosis, from Lebensreform to Global Justice »: the title of the November 2013 conference held in Strasbourg posits some kind of continuity in the alternative being over one century, still allowing possible evolutions or breaks. This chapter offers a crossed analysis of both movements and a reflection on the methodological issues at stake in such a comparison, trying to bring to light the specificity of each period with regard to alternativity. This analysis offers a critical assessment of the notion that a form of filiation should exist between both movements.« MĂ©tamorphoses de l’alternativitĂ©, de la Lebensreform Ă  l’altermondialisation » : l’intitulĂ© du colloque tenu en novembre 2013 Ă  Strasbourg semble postuler qu’il existe, sur un intervalle d’un peu plus d’un siĂšcle, certaines constantes du « fait alternatif » et de l’ « ĂȘtre autrement », tout en envisageant de possibles Ă©volutions, simples inflexions ou vĂ©ritables ruptures. Partant d’une lecture croisĂ©e des deux mouvements qui bornent la pĂ©riode envisagĂ©e, nous proposons dans cet article une rĂ©flexion sur les enjeux mĂ©thodologiques soulevĂ©s par un tel rapprochement, tĂąchant de mettre en lumiĂšre certaines des spĂ©cificitĂ©s de chaque pĂ©riode eu Ă©gard Ă  l’alternativitĂ©. Par cette comparaison, nous proposons une rĂ©flexion critique sur les dynamiques de filiation qui leurs sont parfois apposĂ©es

    Erfolge trotz schlechter Startbedingungen: was hilft Migrantennachkommen in Frankreich und Deutschland?

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    Die Bildungs- und ErwerbsverlĂ€ufe von Migrantenkindern in Frankreich und Deutschland sind Ă€ußerst vielfĂ€ltig. In der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung dominieren die wenig Erfolgreichen. Dabei sind erfolgreiche Biographien junger Erwachsener mit Migrationshintergrund aber keineswegs eine zu vernachlĂ€ssigende Ausnahme. Allerdings sehen sie in beiden LĂ€ndern anders aus: WĂ€hrend es in Frankreich mehr Migrantenkinder bis zum Abitur schaffen, sind sie in Deutschland vor allem auf der Hauptschule ĂŒberreprĂ€sentiert. DafĂŒr fĂ€llt es diesen Jugendlichen in Frankreich wesentlich schwerer, dauerhaft auf dem Arbeitsmarkt Fuß zu fassen, wĂ€hrend sie in Deutschland oft die Möglichkeit einer außerschulischen Qualifikation ergreifen und bessere Jobchancen haben. Im Rahmen eines auf drei Jahre angelegten Forschungsprojektes wurde der Frage nachgegangen, welche sozialen und institutionellen Faktoren den Bildungserwerb und die berufliche Orientierung stabilisieren können. Auf Basis qualitativer Interviews, die mit jungen Erwachsenen mit Migrationshintergrund in vier benachteiligten Vierteln von Berlin und Paris durchgefĂŒhrt wurden, können drei Faktoren benannt werden, die eine wichtige Rolle fĂŒr den Erfolg beziehungsweise die Stabilisierung des frĂŒhen Bildungs- und Erwerbsverlaufs spielen: die UnterstĂŒtzung durch bedeutsame Drittpersonen, der Eintritt in sozial-kulturell stĂ€rker durchmischte Milieus und die Perspektive einer "zweiten Chance".Migration, integration, second generation, education, labor market, trajectories

    Axe 3 : Analyse des phĂ©nomĂšnes de violence au regard de l’espace 2013-2014

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    1. Élargissement du collectif de recherche et renforcement de l’approche spatiale L’annĂ©e 2013-2014 de l’axe « Violences et Espaces » a Ă©tĂ© marquĂ©e par le recrutement des doctorants et par le renforcement de l’approche spatiale de l’axe de recherche. Le groupe rĂ©unit dĂ©sormais six doctorant(e)s dont trois sous contrat et trois associĂ©s au projet « Saisir l’Europe ». Les projets de recherche de l’axe explorent toutes les relations entre structures spatiales et dynamiques de violence par des ap..

    Monitoring der Sustainable Development Goals auf kommunaler Ebene und die Bedeutung von FlÀchenindikatoren

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    Nachhaltigkeitsprozesse der Vereinten Nationen haben fĂŒr Kommunen spĂ€testens seit Verabschiedung der Agenda 21 eine hohe Relevanz. Mit dem SDG 11 und anderen (Unter-)Zielen, die zur nachhaltigen Stadt- und Gemeindeentwicklung beitragen sollen, wurde ihnen explizit eine entscheidende Rolle zugesprochen. Gleichwohl beziehen sich die 17 SDGs, die 169 Unterziele und die zugehörigen Indikatoren zur Erfolgskontrolle der globalen Ziele auf die nationale Ebene und benötigen somit Übertragungs- und Anpassungsleistungen fĂŒr die kommunale Ebene. Im Rahmen der Arbeitsgruppe „SDG-Indikatoren fĂŒr Kommunen“ hat das Deutsche Institut fĂŒr Urbanistik im Auftrag und gemeinsam mit der Bertelsmann Stiftung und den kommunalen SpitzenverbĂ€nden (Deutscher StĂ€dtetag, Deutscher StĂ€dte-und Gemeindebund, Deutscher Landkreistag), dem Bundesinstitut fĂŒr Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR), der Servicestelle Kommunen in der Einen Welt (SKEW) und weiteren begleitenden Gremien ein umfassendes Monitoring zum Status quo der SDGs auf kommunaler Ebene erarbeitet. Die inhaltliche Weiterentwicklung des ersten Indikatorenkatalogs von 2018 erfolgte nun auf Basis von Praxis-Erprobungen und umfassenden Evaluationen. Die Bewertung der gesammelten und entwickelten 120 Indikatoren stellte dabei in einigen Themenbereichen wie der FlĂ€chennutzung eine Herausforderung dar, die Diskrepanzen der Relevanz von SDGs je nach Perspektive und Ebene offenbaren

    N-cadherin: A new player in neuronal polarity

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    Comment on: GĂ€rtner A, et al. EMBO J 2012; <span class="b">31</span>:1893-90

    Lrp12/Mig13a Reveals Changing Patterns of Preplate Neuronal Polarity during Corticogenesis that Are Absent in Reeler Mutant Mice

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    During corticogenesis, the earliest generated neurons form the preplate, which evolves into the marginal zone and subplate. Lrp12/Mig13a, a mammalian gene related to the Caenorhabditis elegans neuroblast migration gene mig-13, is expressed in a subpopulation of preplate neurons that undergo ventrally directed tangential migrations in the preplate layer and pioneer axon projections to the anterior commissure. As the preplate separates, Lrp12/Mig13a-positive neurons polarize in the radial plane and form a pseudocolumnar pattern, prior to moving to a deeper position within the emerging subplate layer. These changes in neuronal polarity do not occur in reeler mutant mice, revealing the earliest known defect in reeler cortical patterning and suggesting that the alignment of preplate neurons into a pseudolayer facilitates the movement of later-born radially migrating neurons into the emerging cortical plate

    Populations of Radial Glial Cells Respond Differently to Reelin and Neuregulin1 in a Ferret Model of Cortical Dysplasia

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    Radial glial cells play an essential role during corticogenesis through their function as neural precursors and guides of neuronal migration. Both reelin and neuregulin1 (NRG1) maintain the radial glial scaffold; they also induce expression of Brain Lipid Binding Protein (BLBP), a well known marker of radial glia. Although radial glia in normal ferrets express both vimentin and BLBP, this coexpression diverges at P3; vimentin is expressed in the radial glial processes, while BLBP appears in cells detached from the ventricular zone. Our lab developed a model of cortical dysplasia in the ferret, resulting in impaired migration of neurons into the cortical plate and disordered radial glia. This occurs after exposure to the antimitotic methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on the 24th day of development (E24). Ferrets treated with MAM on E24 result in an overall decrease of BLBP expression; radial glia that continue to express BLBP, however, show only mild disruption compared with the strongly disrupted vimentin expressing radial glia. When E24 MAM-treated organotypic slices are exposed to reelin or NRG1, the severely disrupted vimentin+ radial glial processes are repaired but the slightly disordered BLBP+ processes are not. The realignment of vimentin+ processes was linked with an increase of their BLBP expression. BLBP expressing radial glia are distinguished by being both less affected by MAM treatment and by attempts at repair. We further investigated the effects induced by reelin and found that signaling was mediated via VLDLR/Dab1/Pi3K activation while NRG1 signaling was mediated via erbB3/erbB4/Pi3K. We then tested whether radial glial repair correlated with improved neuronal migration. Repairing the radial glial scaffold is not sufficient to restore neuronal migration; although reelin improves migration of neurons toward the cortical plate signaling through ApoER2/Dab1/PI3K activation, NRG1 does not

    Reelin Secreted by GABAergic Neurons Regulates Glutamate Receptor Homeostasis

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    BACKGROUND: Reelin is a large secreted protein of the extracellular matrix that has been proposed to participate to the etiology of schizophrenia. During development, reelin is crucial for the correct cytoarchitecture of laminated brain structures and is produced by a subset of neurons named Cajal-Retzius. After birth, most of these cells degenerate and reelin expression persists in postnatal and adult brain. The phenotype of neurons that bind secreted reelin and whether the continuous secretion of reelin is required for physiological functions at postnatal stages remain unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Combining immunocytochemical and pharmacological approaches, we first report that two distinct patterns of reelin expression are present in cultured hippocampal neurons. We show that in hippocampal cultures, reelin is secreted by GABAergic neurons displaying an intense reelin immunoreactivity (IR). We demonstrate that secreted reelin binds to receptors of the lipoprotein family on neurons with a punctate reelin IR. Secondly, using calcium imaging techniques, we examined the physiological consequences of reelin secretion blockade. Blocking protein secretion rapidly and reversibly changes the subunit composition of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) to a predominance of NR2B-containing NMDARs. Addition of recombinant or endogenously secreted reelin rescues the effects of protein secretion blockade and reverts the fraction of NR2B-containing NMDARs to control levels. Therefore, the continuous secretion of reelin is necessary to control the subunit composition of NMDARs in hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data show that the heterogeneity of reelin immunoreactivity correlates with distinct functional populations: neurons synthesizing and secreting reelin and/or neurons binding reelin. Furthermore, we show that continuous reelin secretion is a strict requirement to maintain the composition of NMDARs. We propose that reelin is a trans-neuronal messenger secreted by GABAergic neurons that regulates NMDARs homeostasis in postnatal hippocampus. Defects in reelin secretion could play a major role in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly those associated with deregulation of NMDARs such as schizophrenia
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