Analytic Approach to the Operation of RTD Ternary Inverters Based on MML

Open Access.Multiple-valued Logic (MVL) circuits are one of the most attractive applications of the Monostable-to-Multistable transition Logic (MML), and they are on the basis of advanced circuits for communications. However, a proper design is not inherent to the usual MML circuit topologies. This paper analyses the case of an MML ternary inverter, and determines the relations that circuit representative parameters must verify to obtain a correct behaviour.This work has been funded by the Spanish Government under project NDR, TEC2007- 67245/MIC, and the Junta de Andalucía through the Proyecto de Excelencia TIC-2961.Peer Reviewe

Factor predictor de la latencia de la onda V en el umbral de disconfort de las frecuencias de 500 HZ en sujetos normoyentes

49 p.En la presente investigación se busca determinar cual es la correlación que existe entre los niveles auditivos de disconfort (LDL) en las frecuencias de 500 Hz y las latencias de la onda V con estímulo tonal que entrega el Potencial evocado auditivo de Troncoencéfalo (PEAT), en sujetos normoyentes. Los objetivos establecer la latencia de la onda V del PEAT tonal de 500 Hz. y Relacionar la latencia de la onda V del PEAT tonal de 500 Hz. con el umbral de disconfort de la frecuencia de 500 Hz. Participaron 30 sujetos seleccionados aleatoriamente a partir de un marco muestral de la carrera de fonoaudiología de la Universidad de Talca. Metodología se realizó un tamizaje auditivo que constó de otoscopia, Audiometria Tonal Liminar (ATL) y el LDL, posterior a esto se llevó a cabo el PEAT a una intensidad de estimulación supraumbral de 75 dB HL identificando la latencia de la onda V. Resultados y discusión: los resultados encontrados no son significativos, por lo que es necesario realizar nuevas investigaciones. Palabras claves: Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Troncoencéfalo, Umbral de Disconfort Auditivo, latencia. ABSTRACT/ The current investigation sought to determine which is the correlation between Loudness Discomfort Level (LDL) at frequencies of 500 Hz and latencies of wave V with tonal stimulation that delivers the Auditory Brainstem Evoked Responses (ABR) in normal hearing subjects. The objectives was to determine the latency of wave V and Relate latency wave V at 500 Hz with the LDL in the frequency of 500 Hz. The sample was composed by 30 subjects randomly selected from a sampling frame of speech pathology and audiology career at the University of Talca. Methodology: Auditory screening was performed that consisted of otoscopy, audiometry Liminar (ATL) and LDL, after this was done the PEAT a suprathreshold stimulation intensity of 75 dB HL to identify the latency of wave V. Results and discussion: the findings are not significant, so further research is needed. Keyword: Loudness Discomfort Level, Auditory Brainstem Evoked Responses, latency

Normalizacion de potencial evocado auditivo troncoencefalico con estimulo tonal para la Clinica Fonoaudiologica de la Universidad de Talca

42 p.La determinación de umbrales auditivos con estímulo tonal ha sido ampliamente estudiado tanto en poblaciones normoyentes como en sujetos con pérdida auditiva de distintos grados y diversas poblaciones de edades, encontrándose una correlación con los umbrales audiométricos que apoyan el uso de este estímulo. Sin embargo, no existe ninguna evidencia clínica para este tipo de procedimientos en Chile. Se describió los umbrales electrofisiológicos a 2000Hz con estímulo tonal además de la latencia absoluta de la onda V en intensidad supraumbral de 75dB nHL, para el Laboratorio Clínico Fonoaudiológico de la Universidad de Talca. Para ello se realizan obtenciones de umbrales y latencias electrofisiológicas en 30 sujetos estudiantes con audición normal. Los umbrales electrofisiológicos obtenidos son de 35 dB nHL con ± 5 dB. En relación a la variabilidad aplicada en escalas de dB es bastante exacto, ya que el valor mínimo de variación de intensidad de estímulo es de 5 dB. En lo que respecta a las latencias de la onda V a 75 dB nHL a 2000Hz se encontraron valores con medias de 6,29 (±0,27) milisegundos para el oído derecho, y de 6,18 (±0,27) milisegundos en el oído izquierdo. No obstante, es necesario establecer valores de normalidad en poblaciones representativas para el uso clínic

In-vivo activity of IFN-λ and IFN-α against bovine-viral-diarrhea virus in a mouse model

Bovine-viral-diarrhea virus (BVDV) can cause significant economic losses in livestock. The disease is controlled with vaccination and bovines are susceptible until vaccine immunity develops and may remain vulnerable if a persistently infected animal is left on the farm; therefore, an antiviral agent that reduces virus infectivity can be a useful tool in control programs. Although many compounds with promising in-vitro efficacy have been identified, the lack of laboratory-animal models limited their potential for further clinical development. Recently, we described the activity of type I and III interferons, IFN-α and IFN-λ respectively, against several BVDV strains in-vitro. In this study, we analyzed the in-vivo efficacy of both IFNs using a BALB/c-mouse model. Mice infected with two type-2 BVDV field strains developed a viremia with different kinetics, depending on the infecting strain's virulence, that persisted for 56 days post-infection (dpi). Mice infected with the low-virulence strain elicited high systemic TNF-α levels at 2 dpi. IFNs were first applied subcutaneously 1 day before or after infection. The two IFNs reduced viremia with different kinetics, depending on whether either one was applied before or after infection. In a second experiment, we increased the number of applications of both IFNs. All the treatments reduced viremia compared to untreated mice. The application of IFN-λ pre- and post-infection reduced viremia over time. This study is the first proof of the concept of the antiviral potency of IFN-λ against BVDV in-vivo, thus encouraging further trails for a potential use of this cytokine in cattle.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Quintana, María Eugenia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina.Fil: Barone, Lucas Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina.Fil: Trotta, Myrian Vanesa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Turco, Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Mansilla, Florencia Celeste. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina.Fil: Cardoso, Nancy Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina.Fil: Quintana, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); ArgentinaFil: Barone, Lucas Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria.Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); ArgentinaFil: Cardoso, Nancy Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Argentin

Gene Editing in Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Over the last years, an important development has allowed the scientific community to address a precise and accurate modification of the genome. The first probe of concept appeared with the design and use of engineered zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), which was expanded later on with the discovery and engineering of meganucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and finally democratized and made easily available to the whole scientific community with the discovery of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 nuclease combination technology. The availability of these tools has allowed a precise gene editing, such as knockout of a specific gene or the correction of a defective gene by means of homologous recombination (HR), taking advantage of the endogenous cell repair machinery. This process was already known and used but was inefficient—efficiency that has been increased more than 100-fold with the addition of the mentioned specific nucleases to the process. Apart from the proper design of the nucleases to recognize and cut the selected site in the cell genome, two main goals need to be adequately addressed to optimize its function: the delivery of the tools into the desired cells and the selection of those where the gene editing process has occurred correctly. Both steps can be easily solved when the source of cells is extensive or can be expanded and manipulated in vitro extensively, such as immortalized cell lines or pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells). However, both steps are critical in the case of primary cells, such as the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs are a rare cell population present in the bone marrow (BM) of higher mammals, and it is the responsible for the maintenance and replenishment of all hematopoietic cells for the lifespan of the animals by means of two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency. HSC population is then the ideal target for the correction of hematopoietic genetic diseases and also for the knockout of the responsible genes to in vitro and in vivo model those hematopoietic diseases. This rare population cannot be expanded and its in vitro manipulation and culture negatively affects their fundamental properties of self-renewal and multipotency. These factors challenge the application of gene editing to HSCs. Important efforts are now ongoing trying to optimize the protocols of gene delivery and selection for HSCs. This chapter will review and discuss how researchers are trying to solve them, all attempts that are ongoing and the potential application of the technology to the patients affected with hematopoietic genetic diseases

Epidermólisis bullosa en Espa˜na: Estudio observacional de una cohorte de pacientes atendidos en un centro de referencia nacional

Background and objective: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by a high degree of mucocutaneous fragility. This study aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients with EB treated in Hospital Universitario La Paz, a national referral center for inherited EB. Material and methods: Observational, retrospective, single-center study. We included all cases with a clinical and molecular diagnosis of EB managed in the hospital's dermatology department from January 2, 2000, to February 28, 2021. Results: A total of 214 cases were studied. The median (interquartile range) age was 17 (8---32) years; 54.2% were women. One hundred thirty-five (63.1%) patients had dystrophic EB, 67 (31.3%) had EB simplex, 8 (3.7%) had junctional EB, and 3 (1.4%) had Kindler syndrome. One (0.5%) had EB acquisita. Over a third (35.5%) of the patients resided in Madrid. The most common clinical complications were pruritus (63.1%), local infections (56.5%), and pain (54.7%). The most serious ones were cardiomyopathy (in 5.6%) and squamous cell carcinoma (10.3%). Twenty-two patients (10.3%) died

Mini AuAg Wavy Nanorods Displaying Plasmon-Induced Photothermal and Photocatalytic Properties

Alloyed AuAg wavy nanorods (wNRs) of approximate to 24.0 nm length and 3.5 nm width are formed by the mild decomposition of the organometallic complex [Au2Ag2(C6F5)(4)(OEt2)(2)](n) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of oleic acid. Ligand exchange with l-glutathione (GSH) or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether thiol (PEG-SH) leads to water-soluble nanostructures. These AuAg wNRs display tunable size-dependent longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (l-LSPR) broad absorptions beyond 750 nm in the near-infrared (NIR) I and II regions. These intense plasmonic absorptions lead to interesting photothermal, catalytic, and photocatalytic properties, including the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol, the photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrostyrene, or the photocatalytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane for H-2 release

Cell Fusion Reprogramming Leads to a Specific Hepatic Expression Pattern during Mouse Bone Marrow Derived Hepatocyte Formation In Vivo

The fusion of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic cells with hepatocytes to generate BM derived hepatocytes (BMDH) is a natural process, which is enhanced in damaged tissues. However, the reprogramming needed to generate BMDH and the identity of the resultant cells is essentially unknown. In a mouse model of chronic liver damage, here we identify a modification in the chromatin structure of the hematopoietic nucleus during BMDH formation, accompanied by the loss of the key hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1/Sfpi1 (SFFV proviral integration 1) and gain of the key hepatic transcriptional regulator HNF-1A homeobox A (HNF-1A/Hnf1a). Through genome-wide expression analysis of laser captured BMDH, a differential gene expression pattern was detected and the chromatin changes observed were confirmed at the level of chromatin regulator genes. Similarly, Tranforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and neurotransmitter (e.g. Prostaglandin E Receptor 4 [Ptger4]) pathway genes were over-expressed. In summary, in vivo BMDH generation is a process in which the hematopoietic cell nucleus changes its identity and acquires hepatic features. These BMDHs have their own cell identity characterized by an expression pattern different from hematopoietic cells or hepatocytes. The role of these BMDHs in the liver requires further investigation