Determinants of profitability in Spanish financial institutions. Comparing aided and non-aided entities

The last financial crisis has led to the greatest contribution of public funds ever made to Spanish banks. This paper studies why the need for support has been asymmetric, with not all of the institutions requiring aid. Based on profitability of assets (ROA), we determine using panel data econometric and logit response models the components of profit and loss accounts that generated profitability as well as the factors leading to some entities to ask for aid. The analyses show that before the beginning of the crisis there were significant differences between entities that needed aid and those that did not. The most profitable banks grounded their success in the traditional revenue components of financial institutions (such as margin on interest rates and commissions), as well as in revenues obtained from participated companies and extraordinary results. The model offers a tool to detect entities in difficulties in advance, reducing the financial and social costs of public interventions. The factors more impacting on profitability of Spanish institutions are also identifie

Aplicación del análisis de textura a partir de imágenes de RM convencional en el estudio de pacientes con lumbalgia mecánica crónica

La relación clínico-radiológica en pacientes con lumbalgia inespecífica es baja siendo difícil establecer, tras la valoración inicial del paciente, cual va a ser su pronóstico a medio plazo. La radiómica (análisis de textura) aparece como un nuevo paradigma en el análisis de la imagen médica, permitiendo cuantificar características de la misma que el ojo humano no puede discernir. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el análisis de textura permite establecer el pronóstico de los pacientes que consultan por lumbalgia inespecífica. Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo en el que incluyeron individuos entre 18 y 65 años, con diagnóstico de lumbalgia inespecífica de 6 o más meses de evolución, a los que se les realizó RM convencional, siguieron tratamiento rehabilitador y acudieron a revisión tras un periodo de 6 meses. Se recogieron las variables sociodemográficas, el valor de la escala numérica del dolor (END) y el grado de discapacidad según la escala de Roland-Morris (RMQ) en ambas visitas. El proceso de análisis de la imagen de RM consistió en la segmentación de las ROI de platillos vertebrales y discos intervertebrales desde L3-L4 a L5-S1 y la musculatura paravertebral a nivel del espacio L4-L5 para, posteriormente extraer las variables de textura mediante el software Pyradiomics. Posteriormente se aplicó el algoritmo de inteligencia artificial Random Forest de clasificación con el fin de identificar aquellos individuos que al final del seguimiento mejorarían menos del 30 % en la END o puntuarían más de 4 en RMQ. En este análisis se incluyeron como variables los parámetros de textura, edad, sexo, IMC y los valores de END y RMQ. Se calcularon la sensibilidad, la especificidad y el área bajo la curva ROC. Resultados Completaron el estudio 94 pacientes, 58% mujeres, con edad media de 48,19 (DE 9,15) años. La mediana para el END inicial y final fueron de 7 y 6 respectivamente; 34,3% mejoraron el END en un 30% o más. Para el RMQ estos valores fueron 10 y 5, con una puntuación final de 4 o menor en el 39%. El modelo predictivo para clasificar a los pacientes que no mejoran su puntuación END el 30% o más ofreció una sensibilidad de 0,86, especificidad 0,57, y área bajo la curva ROC 0,71. El modelo predictivo para clasificar a los pacientes que presentan una puntuación en RMQ mayor a 4 o más ofreció una sensibilidad 0,83, especificidad 0,20, y el área bajo la curva ROC 0,52. Conclusión El análisis de textura de las imágenes de RM lumbar podría ayudar a identificar a los pacientes con mayor probabilidad de mejorar su dolor con el tratamiento rehabilitador y así poder establecer un plan terapéutico personalizado

Development of the MOOSY4 eNose IoT for Sulphur-Based VOC Water Pollution Detection

[EN] In this paper, we describe a new low-cost and portable electronic nose instrument, the Multisensory Odor Olfactory System MOOSY4. This prototype is based on only four metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors suitable for IoT technology. The system architecture consists of four stages: data acquisition, data storage, data processing, and user interfacing. The designed eNose was tested with experiment for detection of volatile components in water pollution, as a dimethyl disulphide or dimethyl diselenide or sulphur. Therefore, the results provide evidence that odor information can be recognized with around 86% efficiency, detecting smells unwanted in the water and improving the quality control in bottled water factories.This work was supported by the I+D+i Program of the Generalitat Valenciana, Spain [AICO/2016/046], and the II Program UPV-La Fe [2013/0504].Climent-Martí, E.; Pelegrí Sebastiá, J.; Sogorb Devesa, T.; Talens-Felis, J.; Chilo, J. (2017). Development of the MOOSY4 eNose IoT for Sulphur-Based VOC Water Pollution Detection. Sensors. 17(8):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081917S110178Babovic, Z. B., Protic, J., & Milutinovic, V. (2016). Web Performance Evaluation for Internet of Things Applications. IEEE Access, 4, 6974-6992. doi:10.1109/access.2016.2615181Getting Startedhttps://docs.smartcitizen.me/#/start/detailed-specificationsXu, L. D., He, W., & Li, S. (2014). Internet of Things in Industries: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 10(4), 2233-2243. doi:10.1109/tii.2014.2300753Huang, J., Meng, Y., Gong, X., Liu, Y., & Duan, Q. (2014). A Novel Deployment Scheme for Green Internet of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(2), 196-205. doi:10.1109/jiot.2014.2301819Gardner, J. W., & Bartlett, P. N. (1994). A brief history of electronic noses. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 18(1-3), 210-211. doi:10.1016/0925-4005(94)87085-3Gardner, J. W., & Bartlett, P. N. (1996). Performance definition and standardization of electronic noses. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 33(1-3), 60-67. doi:10.1016/0925-4005(96)01819-9Wilson, A., & Baietto, M. (2009). Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies. Sensors, 9(7), 5099-5148. doi:10.3390/s90705099Jia, X.-M., Meng, Q.-H., Jing, Y.-Q., Qi, P.-F., Zeng, M., & Ma, S.-G. (2016). A New Method Combining KECA-LDA With ELM for Classification of Chinese Liquors Using Electronic Nose. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(22), 8010-8017. doi:10.1109/jsen.2016.2606163Jing, Y.-Q., Meng, Q.-H., Qi, P.-F., Cao, M.-L., Zeng, M., & Ma, S.-G. (2016). A Bioinspired Neural Network for Data Processing in an Electronic Nose. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 65(10), 2369-2380. doi:10.1109/tim.2016.2578618Fine, G. F., Cavanagh, L. M., Afonja, A., & Binions, R. (2010). Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Gas Sensors in Environmental Monitoring. Sensors, 10(6), 5469-5502. doi:10.3390/s100605469Santra, S., Guha, P. K., Ali, S. Z., Hiralal, P., Unalan, H. E., Covington, J. A., … Udrea, F. (2010). ZnO nanowires grown on SOI CMOS substrate for ethanol sensing. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 146(2), 559-565. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.01.009Wilson, A. (2013). Diverse Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies in Agriculture and Forestry. Sensors, 13(2), 2295-2348. doi:10.3390/s130202295Lorwongtragool, P., Sowade, E., Watthanawisuth, N., Baumann, R., & Kerdcharoen, T. (2014). A Novel Wearable Electronic Nose for Healthcare Based on Flexible Printed Chemical Sensor Array. Sensors, 14(10), 19700-19712. doi:10.3390/s141019700Son, M., Cho, D., Lim, J. H., Park, J., Hong, S., Ko, H. J., & Park, T. H. (2015). Real-time monitoring of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, representative odor compounds in water pollution using bioelectronic nose with human-like performance. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 74, 199-206. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.053Gardner, J. W., Shin, H. W., Hines, E. L., & Dow, C. S. (2000). An electronic nose system for monitoring the quality of potable water. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 69(3), 336-341. doi:10.1016/s0925-4005(00)00482-2Goschnick, J., Koronczi, I., Frietsch, M., & Kiselev, I. (2005). Water pollution recognition with the electronic nose KAMINA. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 106(1), 182-186. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2004.05.055Guadayol, M., Cortina, M., Guadayol, J. M., & Caixach, J. (2016). Determination of dimethyl selenide and dimethyl sulphide compounds causing off-flavours in bottled mineral waters. Water Research, 92, 149-155. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.016Wilson, A. D. (2012). Review of Electronic-nose Technologies and Algorithms to Detect Hazardous Chemicals in the Environment. Procedia Technology, 1, 453-463. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2012.02.101Becher, C., Kaul, P., Mitrovics, J., & Warmer, J. (2010). The detection of evaporating hazardous material released from moving sources using a gas sensor network. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 146(2), 513-520. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.12.030Berrueta, L. A., Alonso-Salces, R. M., & Héberger, K. (2007). Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1158(1-2), 196-214. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.024Lajara, R. J., Perez-Solano, J. J., & Pelegri-Sebastia, J. (2015). A Method for Modeling the Battery State of Charge in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(2), 1186-1197. doi:10.1109/jsen.2014.2361151Batista, B. L., da Silva, L. R. S., Rocha, B. A., Rodrigues, J. L., Berretta-Silva, A. A., Bonates, T. O., … Barbosa, F. (2012). Multi-element determination in Brazilian honey samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and estimation of geographic origin with data mining techniques. Food Research International, 49(1), 209-215. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.015Benedetti, S., Mannino, S., Sabatini, A. G., & Marcazzan, G. L. (2004). Electronic nose and neural network use for the classification of honey. Apidologie, 35(4), 397-402. doi:10.1051/apido:200402

Investigating the M(hkl)| ionic liquid interface by using laser induced temperature jump technique

The interface between several Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) in contact with both Au(hkl) basal planes and Pt(111) was studied by using cyclic voltammetry and Laser Induced Temperature Jump Technique (LITJT). Three RTILs, based on the imidazolium cation and the [Tf2N] anion were investigated: [Emmim][Tf2N], [Emim][Tf2N] and [Bmmim][Tf2N]. These three RTILs were selected with the aim to analyse how the balance between the different ion-ion interactions influences the interfacial properties of the M(hkl)|RTIL interface. It was found that the voltammetric response of the Au(hkl)|[Emmim][Tf2N] was highly sensitive to the geometry of the active surface sites, displaying sharp spikes superimposed to a capacitive voltammetric current. Conversely, these sharp spikes disappeared when [Bmmim][Tf2N] replaced [Emmim][Tf2N], although the capacitive voltammetric current profile was essentially maintained. This result is most likely related to the increase of the van der Waals interactions in the [Bmmim][Tf2N]. When [Emim][Tf2N] was analysed, the increase of the hydrogen bond interactions due to the hydrogenation of C2 (second carbon at the imidazolium ring) resulted also in the disappearance of the voltammetric spikes. The laser measurements showed that the highest values of the potential of maximum entropy (pme) in RTIL media correspond to the atomically closest packet surface structures, following the order: Au(111)>Au(100)>Au(110), in agreement with work function values. The measurement with Pt(111) revealed that the voltammetric profiles for this surface are featureless in all cases. However, the laser experiments revealed that solvent restructuration, as a function of both value and direction of the applied potential, is dependent on the type of cation. Finally, the interface Au(hkl)|Choline chloride:urea Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) was also investigated by using cyclic voltammetry and LITJT. The voltammetric response of DES was also sensitive to the orientation of the Au single crystal, and the cyclic voltammograms displayed distinct sharp and characteristic features. Nevertheless, the laser response could not provide a value of the pme for the Au(hkl)|DES interface, likely due to the complex chemical structure of the DES which, in addition, strongly adsorbs on Au(hkl)

Straightening the crooked: intraspecific divergence of stem posture control and associated trade-offs in a model conifer

Although the straightening capacity of the stem is key for light capture and mechanical stability in forest trees, little is known about its adaptive implications. Assuming that stem straightening is costly, trade-offs are expected with competing processes such as growth, maintenance, and defence. We established a manipulative experiment in a common garden of Pinus pinaster including provenances typically showing either straight-stemmed or crooked-stemmed phenotypes. We imposed a bending up to 35º on plants aged 9 years of both provenance groups and followed the straightening kinetics and shoot elongation after releasing. Eight months later, we destructively assessed biomass partitioning, reaction wood, wood microdensity, xylem reserve carbohydrates, and phloem secondary metabolites. The experimental bending and release caused significant, complex changes with a marked difference between straight- and crooked-type plants. The straight-type recovered verticality faster and to a higher degree and developed more compression wood, while displaying a transitory delay in shoot elongation, reducing resource allocation to defence and maintaining the levels of non-structural carbohydrates compared with the crooked type. This combination of responses indicates the existence of intraspecific divergence in the reaction to mechanical stresses that may be related to different adaptive phenotypic plasticity

Path Quality Estimator for 802.15.4e TSCH Fast Deployment Tool

[EN] This paper introduces a novel quality estimator that uses different metrics to decide the best path towards the root in Wireless Sensor Networks. The different metrics are assessed at medium access control layer (MAC), under the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and are used at network layer, enhancing the best path selection process done by the routing protocol, and at the application layer, enabling visual quality indicators in the nodes. This quality function is used during deployment stage; ensuring nodes are located optimally and nimbly. This mechanism will help WSN¿s adoption in Industrial Internet of Things applications.This work is supported by IVACE (Insituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial) through FEDER funding (exp. IMDEEA/2017/103).Vera-Pérez, J.; Todoli Ferrandis, D.; Santonja Climent, S.; Silvestre-Blanes, J.; Sempere Paya, VM. (2018). Path Quality Estimator for 802.15.4e TSCH Fast Deployment Tool. Telfor Journal (Online). 10(1):2-7. https://doi.org/10.5937/telfor1801002VS27101O. Gaddour, A. Koubâa, S. Chaudhry, M. Tezeghdanti, R. Chaari and M. Abid, 'Simulation and Performance Evaluation of DAG Construction with RPL,' in IEEE Third International Conference on Communications and Networking (ComNet), pp. 1-8, 2012.;IETF, 'RFC 6552 - Objective Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL),' 2012.;IETF, 'RFC 6719 - The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function,' 2012.;N. Pradeska, Widyawan, W. Najib and S. S. Kusumawardani, 'Performance Analysis of Objective Function MRHOF and OF0 in Routing Protocol RPL IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN),' in 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2016.;P. O. Kamgueu, E. Nataf, T. D. Ndié and O. Festor, 'Energy-based routing metric for RPL,' Doctoral dissertation, INRIA, 2013.;H.-S. Kim, J. Paek and S. Bahk, 'QU-RPL: Queue utilization based RPL for load balancing in large scale industrial applications,' in 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication and Networking (SECON), Seattle, WA, USA, 2015.;P. Gonizzi, R. Monica and G. Ferrari, 'Design and evaluation of a delay-efficient RPL routing metric,' in 9th International Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Sardinia, Italy, 2013.;IETF, 'RFC 6551 - Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks,' 2012.;N. Baccour, A. Koubâa, L. Mottola, M. A. Zúñiga, H. Youssef, C. A. Boano and M. Alves, 'Radio link quality estimation in wireless sensor networks: A survey,' ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), vol. 8 (4), 2012.;P. Karkazis, H. C. Leligou, L. Sarakis, T. Zahariadis, P. Trakadas, T. H. Velivassaki and C. Capsalis, 'Design of primary and composite routing metrics for RPL-compliant Wireless Sensor Networks,' in International Conference on Telecommunications and Multimedia (TEMU), Chania, Greece, 2012.;N. Baccour, A. Koubâa, H. Youssef, M. B. Jamâa, D. d. Rosário, M. Alves and L. B. Becker, 'F-LQE: A Fuzzy Link Quality Estimator for Wireless Sensor Networks,' in European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), Coimbra, Portugal, 2010.;S. Rekik, N. Baccour, M. Jmaiel and K. Drira, 'Holistic link quality estimation-based routing metric for RPL networks in smart grids,' in IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Valencia, Spain, 2016.;O. Gaddour, A. Koubaa, N. Baccour and M. Abid, 'OF-FL: QoSaware fuzzy logic objective function for the RPL routing protocol,' in 12th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), Hammamet, Tunisia, 2014.;IETF, 'RFC 8180 - Minimal IPv6 over TSCH Mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH) Configuration,' 2017.;M. G. Amor, A. Koubâa, E. Tovar and M. Khalgui, 'Cyber-OF: An Adaptative Cyber-Physical Objective Function for Smart Cities Applications,' in 28th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS), Toulouse, France, 2016.;J. Vera-Pérez, D. Todolí-Ferrandis, J. Silvestre-Blanes, S. SantonjaCliment and V. Sempere-Paya, 'Path quality estimator for wireless sensor networks fast deployment tool,' 2017 25th Telecommunication Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade, 2017, pp. 1-4.

Production of chiral alcohols from racemic mixtures by integrated heterogeneous chemoenzymatic catalysis in fixed bed continuous operation

[EN] Valuable chiral alcs. have been obtained from racemic mixts. with an integrated heterogeneous chemoenzymic catalyst in a two consecutive fixed catalytic bed continuous reactor system. In the first bed the racemic mixt. of alcs. is oxidized to the prochiral ketone with a Zr-Beta zeolite and using acetone as the hydrogen acceptor. In the second catalytic bed the prochiral ketone is stereoselectively reduced with an alc. dehydrogenase (ADH) immobilized on a two dimensional (2D) zeolite. In this process, the alc. (isopropanol) formed by the redn. of acetone in the first step reduces the cofactor in the second step, and the full reaction cycle is in this way internally closed with 100% atom economy. A conversion of about 95% with ~100% selectivity to either the (R) or the (S) alc. has been obtained for a variety of racemic mixts. of alcsThe research leading to these results has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through "Severo Ochoa" Excellence Programme (SEV-2016-0683) and the PGC2018-097277-B-100(MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) project. J. M. C. thanks to Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a predoctoral fellowship.Carceller-Carceller, JM.; Mifsud, M.; Climent Olmedo, MJ.; Iborra Chornet, S.; Corma Canós, A. (2020). Production of chiral alcohols from racemic mixtures by integrated heterogeneous chemoenzymatic catalysis in fixed bed continuous operation. Green Chemistry. 22(9):2767-2777. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc04127cS27672777229R. A. Sheldon , Chirotechnology: Industrial synthesis of optically active compounds , Marcel Dekker, Inc. , New York , 1993Okamoto, Y., & Ikai, T. (2008). Chiral HPLC for efficient resolution of enantiomers. Chemical Society Reviews, 37(12), 2593. doi:10.1039/b808881kXie, R., Chu, L.-Y., & Deng, J.-G. (2008). Membranes and membrane processes for chiral resolution. Chemical Society Reviews, 37(6), 1243. doi:10.1039/b713350bNie, Y., Xu, Y., Qing Mu, X., Tang, Y., Jiang, J., & Hao Sun, Z. (2005). High-yield conversion of (R)-2-octanol from the corresponding racemate by stereoinversion using Candida rugosa. Biotechnology Letters, 27(1), 23-26. doi:10.1007/s10529-004-6310-1Liese, A., Zelinski, T., Kula, M.-R., Kierkels, H., Karutz, M., Kragl, U., & Wandrey, C. (1998). A novel reactor concept for the enzymatic reduction of poorly soluble ketones. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 4(1-2), 91-99. doi:10.1016/s1381-1177(97)00025-8Pociecha, D., Glogarová, M., Gorecka, E., & Mieczkowski, J. (2000). Behavior of frustrated phase in ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystalline mixtures. Physical Review E, 61(6), 6674-6677. doi:10.1103/physreve.61.6674Xue, L., Zhou, D.-J., Tang, L., Ji, X.-F., Huang, M.-Y., & Jiang, Y.-Y. (2004). The asymmetric hydration of 1-octene to (S)-(+)-2-octanol with a biopolymer–metal complex, silica-supported chitosan–cobalt complex. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 58(2), 117-121. doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2003.10.003Wu, Z., Li, X., Li, F., Yue, H., He, C., Xie, F., & Wang, Z. (2014). Enantioselective transesterification of (R,S)-2-pentanol catalyzed by a new flower-like nanobioreactor. RSC Adv., 4(64), 33998-34002. doi:10.1039/c4ra04431bRachwalski, M., Vermue, N., & Rutjes, F. P. J. T. (2013). Recent advances in enzymatic and chemical deracemisation of racemic compounds. Chemical Society Reviews, 42(24), 9268. doi:10.1039/c3cs60175gBakker, M., Spruijt, A. ., van Rantwijk, F., & Sheldon, R. . (2000). Highly enantioselective aminoacylase-catalyzed transesterification of secondary alcohols. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 11(8), 1801-1808. doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00118-xKim, C., Lee, J., Cho, J., Oh, Y., Choi, Y. K., Choi, E., … Kim, M.-J. (2013). Kinetic and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols with Ionic-Surfactant-Coated Burkholderia cepacia Lipase: Substrate Scope and Enantioselectivity. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 78(6), 2571-2578. doi:10.1021/jo3027627Lee, J. H., Han, K., Kim, M., & Park, J. (2010). Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Alcohols and Amines. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2010(6), 999-1015. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200900935Parvulescu, A., Janssens, J., Vanderleyden, J., & De Vos, D. (2010). Heterogeneous Catalysts for Racemization and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Amines and Secondary Alcohols. Topics in Catalysis, 53(13-14), 931-941. doi:10.1007/s11244-010-9512-xVerho, O., & Bäckvall, J.-E. (2015). Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: A Powerful Tool for the Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Alcohols and Amines. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(12), 3996-4009. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b01031Gruber, C. C., Lavandera, I., Faber, K., & Kroutil, W. (2006). From a Racemate to a Single Enantiomer: Deracemization by Stereoinversion. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 348(14), 1789-1805. doi:10.1002/adsc.200606158Voss, C. V., Gruber, C. C., Faber, K., Knaus, T., Macheroux, P., & Kroutil, W. (2008). Orchestration of Concurrent Oxidation and Reduction Cycles for Stereoinversion and Deracemisation of sec-Alcohols. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(42), 13969-13972. doi:10.1021/ja804816aDíaz-Rodríguez, A., Ríos-Lombardía, N., Sattler, J. H., Lavandera, I., Gotor-Fernández, V., Kroutil, W., & Gotor, V. (2015). Deracemisation of profenol core by combining laccase/TEMPO-mediated oxidation and alcohol dehydrogenase-catalysed dynamic kinetic resolution. Catalysis Science & Technology, 5(3), 1443-1446. doi:10.1039/c4cy01351dKędziora, K., Díaz-Rodríguez, A., Lavandera, I., Gotor-Fernández, V., & Gotor, V. (2014). Laccase/TEMPO-mediated system for the thermodynamically disfavored oxidation of 2,2-dihalo-1-phenylethanol derivatives. Green Chemistry, 16(5), 2448. doi:10.1039/c4gc00066hLiardo, E., Ríos-Lombardía, N., Morís, F., González-Sabín, J., & Rebolledo, F. (2018). A Straightforward Deracemization of sec -Alcohols Combining Organocatalytic Oxidation and Biocatalytic Reduction. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2018(23), 3031-3035. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201800569Méndez-Sánchez, D., Mangas-Sánchez, J., Lavandera, I., Gotor, V., & Gotor-Fernández, V. (2015). Chemoenzymatic Deracemization of Secondary Alcohols by using a TEMPO-Iodine-Alcohol Dehydrogenase System. ChemCatChem, 7(24), 4016-4020. doi:10.1002/cctc.201500816Gröger, H., & Hummel, W. (2014). 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Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection for growth and water-use efficiency in a Mediterranean pine

Premise: Persistence of tree populations in the face of global change relies on their capacity to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors through plastic or adaptive changes. Genetic adaptation will depend on the additive genetic variation within populations and the heritability of traits related to stress tolerance. Because traits can be genetically linked, selective pressure acting on one trait may lead to correlated responses in other traits. Methods: To test direct and correlated responses to selection for growth and drought tolerance in Pinus halepensis, we selected trees in a parental population for higher growth and greater water-use efficiency (WUE) and compared their offspring with the offspring of random trees from the parental population in two contrasting common gardens. We estimated direct responses to selection for growth and WUE and correlated responses for growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors. Results: We found a strong response to selection and high realized heritability for WUE, but no response to selection for growth. Correlated responses to selection in other life-history traits were not significant, except for concentration of some chemical defenses, which was greater in the offspring of mother trees selected for growth than in the offspring of unselected control trees. Conclusions: The empirical evidence of direct responses to selection for high WUE suggests that P. halepensis has the potential to evolve in response to increasing drought stress. Contrary to expectations, the results are not conclusive of a potential negative impact of WUE and growth selection on other key life-history traits.This research was supported by grants AGL2015-68274-C03 (“Futurpine”, MINECO / FEDER / UE, subprojects 01R, 02R and 03R) and RTI2018-094691-B-C33 (“Resilpine”, MCIU / AEI / UE, subprojects C31, C32 and C33). E.S.V. received financial assistance from the FPU grant program (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España)