Proyecto CRISOL FUNDES: Micrédito

El siguiente documento contiene el resultado del Diagnostico Empresarial, realizado a FUNDACION CHISPA, un programa de crédito de la Asociación Menonita para el Desarrollo económico MEDA, representada por el Lic. Jonny Alberto Arévalo. La micro, mediana y pequeña empresa en Nicaragua es un sector económico que por su contribución a la producción y su importante aporte como fuente se empleo e ingreso al país, ha cobrado importancia en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo a pesar de su relevante papel en la economía el sector no cuenta con el apoyo necesario para su fortalecimiento, situación por la cual la MIPYME opera dentro de un entorno que lejos de proporcionar su desarrollo limita sus oportunidades de crecimiento. Con los cambios experimentados en la economía de los últimos años especialmente por los ajustes estructurales, esta situación se ha agravado sustancialmente, haciendo que la PYME se enfrente a unas series de transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que debilitan aun más su ya precaria condición dentro del mercado. El cambio de una economía relativamente regulada a una economía cada día mas liberalizada, ha provocado que la MIPYME enfrente nuevos desafíos que exigen cambios radicales en su gestión empresarial y en su capacidad productiva y tecnológica. En este sentido es de vital importancia que FUNDACION CHISPA identifique sus principales necesidades mediante un diagnostico, para orientar un plan de Desarrollo Empresarial que responda a las necesidades inmediatas, y tenga mas oportunidad de insertarse en el mercado. Se logro este esfuerzo gracias a la disposición del empresario y el apoyo de nuestro maestro tutor, a través del PROYECTO CRISOL

Chromium Substituted Cobalt Ferrites by Glycine-Nitrates Process

Chromium substituted cobalt ferrites (CoFe2–xCrxO4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2) were synthesized through solution combustion method using glycine as fuel, named glycine-nitrates process (GNP). As evidenced by X-ray diffraction data (XRD), single cubic spinel phase was formed for all CoFe2–xCrxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) series. The cubic lattice parameter (a) decreases with increasing chromium content. Room temperature 57Fe Mössbauer spectra revealed the Fe3+ and Cr3+ site occupancy, the local hyperfine magnetic fields and the substitution of Fe3+ by Cr3+ in the lattice. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a refinement of particle size with the increase of Cr3+ content. Magnetic measurements from 5 K to 120 K have shown a dropping in the saturation magnetization as the chromium content increases. This behaviour has been explained in terms of substitution of Fe3+ by Cr3+ in the cubic lattice of cobalt ferrite

Perovskite type nanopowders and thin films obtained by chemical methods

The review presents the contribution of the authors, to the preparation of two types of perovskites, namely BiFeO3 and LaCoO3, by innovative methods. The studied perovskites were obtained as powders, films and sintered bodies. Their complex structural and morphological characterization is also presented. The obtained results have underlined the important influence of the method of preparation on the properties of the synthesized perovskites

Audit of the recognition process of disabilities due to general illness compensated in the month of February 2002 in a health promoting entity in the municipality of Bucaramanga (Santander)

La ley 100 de 1993 abrió puertas para la entrada al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud a un número de actores y beneficiarios que no se contemplaban dentro del Sistema Nacional de Salud, teniendo en cuenta que una de las funciones delegadas por la Constitución Nacional y la ley 100 de 1993 a las Entidades Promotoras de Salud (EPS) como administradoras de planes de beneficios es garantizar a sus afiliados las prestaciones en salud y económicas que implican las incapacidades por enfermedad general, se hace necesario la consolidación de un sistema de control integral al interior de ellas que permita una gestión efectiva de cada uno de los procesos necesarios para el cumplimiento de lo delegado garantizando la administración efectiva de los recursos y el acceso a los servicios del Plan Obligatorio de Servicios -POS. Es importante resaltar la auditoría dentro del Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de la Calidad como elemento fundamental de la administración de las empresas que trabajan dentro del marco del Sistema de Seguridad Social en Salud en Colombia.INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1. MARCO TEORICO 2 2. OBJETIVOS 9 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 9 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS 9 3. MATERIALES Y METODOS 10 3.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN 10 3.2 VARIABLES 10 3.3 RECURSOS 11 3.3.1 Recursos Humanos 11 3.4 DESCRIPCION DEL PROCESO DE RECONOCIMIENTO DE INCAPACIDADES 11 3.5 DESCRIPCION DEL PROCESO DE AUDITORIA 14 3.6 PAPELES DE TRABAJO 16 3.7 INDICADORES 27 4. PRESENTACIÓN DE HALLAZGOS 30 RECOMENDACIONES 65 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 67 ANEXOS 68EspecializaciónLaw 100 of 1993 opened doors for the entry to the General System of Social Security in Health to a number of actors and beneficiaries that were not contemplated within the National Health System, taking into account that one of the functions delegated by the National Constitution and Law 100 of 1993 to the Health Promotion Entities (EPS) as administrators of benefit plans is to guarantee their affiliates the health and economic benefits that disability due to general illness implies, it is necessary to consolidate a comprehensive control system within them that allows effective management of each of the processes necessary to comply with what is delegated, guaranteeing the effective administration of resources and access to the services of the Mandatory Service Plan -POS. It is important to highlight the audit within the Mandatory Quality Assurance System as a fundamental element of the administration of companies that work within the framework of the Social Security System in Health in Colombia

The Morphostructural, Compositional, and Electrochemical Characterization of Electrodeposited Nanolayers on a New Ti-15Ta-5Zr Alloy

A porous, homogeneous, phosphorous-enriched oxide nanolayer was realized on the new Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy surface by the anodic galvanostatic electrodeposition in phosphoric acid solution. This nanolayer contains TiO2, ZrO2 oxides, tantalum suboxides, and PO43- ions incorporated in the time of the electrodeposition process and has a thickness of 15.5 nm (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data). Atomic force microscopy determined a homogeneous roughness. Scanning electron microscopy evinced a porous microstructure that can stimulate the growth of the bone tissue into pores. The presence of the PO43- anions promotes the electrostatic bonds between the nanolayer and different species from the biofluid, namely, osteoinduction. The anodic oxidation nanolayer improved all electrochemical and corrosion parameters conferring superior protection to the substrate by its higher resistance to the ion migration. Impedance spectra showed that the electrodeposited nanolayer is formed by an inner, dense, barrier layer and an outer porous layer. The nanolayer thickened in time, namely, is bioactive. The oxidized nanolayer is able to protect the alloy from ion release, to assure long-term corrosion resistance, to minimize adverse reactions, to increase alloy bioactivity, to stimulate cell growth, and to favor osseointegration

Development of Chemical Entities Endowed with Potent Fast-Killing Properties against Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites.

One of the attractive properties of artemisinins is their extremely fast-killing capability, quickly relieving malaria symptoms. Nevertheless, the unique benefits of these medicines are now compromised by the prolonged parasite clearance times and the increasing frequency of treatment failures, attributed to the increased tolerance of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin. This emerging artemisinin resistance threatens to undermine the effectiveness of antimalarial combination therapies. Herein, we describe the medicinal chemistry efforts focused on a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor scaffold, leading to the identification of novel chemical entities with very potent, similar to artemisinins, fast-killing potency against asexual blood stages that cause disease, and activity against gametocyte activation that is required for transmission. Furthermore, we confirm that selective PKG inhibitors have a slow speed of kill, while chemoproteomic analysis suggests for the first time serine/arginine protein kinase 2 (SRPK2) targeting as a novel strategy for developing antimalarial compounds with extremely fast-killing properties

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good