Geographical discourse in Spain (1867-1936). Alliances and borders betwen Spain and Portugal

En los discursos geográficos presentes en la Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid (Real Sociedad Geográfica desde 1901) confluyen un conjunto de circunstancias y voluntades que reflejan cómo conviven y se complementan ideas a priori antagónicas: identidad nacional-ideales supranacionales; protección fronteriza-alianzas geopolíticas… Muchas de estas tensiones se vienen a concretar en las relaciones entre España y Portugal, conviviendo procesos de delimitación fronteriza con propuestas de unión política. En los saberes geográficos confluyen, sin duda con más intensidad que en otras aproximaciones, un conjunto de propuestas que muestran esta tensión: desde el iberismo (unión política de Portugal y España), hasta un transformado hispanoamericanismo (unión de intereses con las repúblicas americanas de habla española), pasando por las propuestas de acercamiento y alianza entre los países del sur de Europa frente a las políticas exteriores de las potencias del norteIn the geographical discourses of the Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid (renamed the Real Sociedad Geográfica as of 1901), we can find a tangle of circumstances and intentions that reflect how ideas that are a priori antagonistic coexist and complement each other: national identity and supranationalism, protection of borders and geographical alliances, and so on. This situation is reflected in the relations between Spain and Portugal, characterised by the juxtaposition of the establishment of the shared border and the proposal of a political union. We also show that this dichotomy is embodied more in the work of geographers than anywhere else, rife as it is with proposals that stretch from unifying Spain and Portugal (“Iberismo”), via creating a broad union with the Spanish speaking countries of America (“Hispanoamericanismo”), to chartering an alliance of Southern-European countries to oppose those of the Nort

Ressenyes

Obra ressenyada: Joan NOGUÉ; José Luis VILLANOVA (eds.), España en Marruecos (1912-1956). Discursos geográficos e intervención colonial. Lleida: Editorial Milenio, 1999

Geopolitical perspectives in Spain: from the Iberismo of the 19th century to the Hispanoamericanismo of the 20th

The changes which took place in the balance of power in Europe in the last thirty years of the 19th century, together with the process of colonial expansion and partition, led Spanish geographers to see the need to combine the territorial projects and interests of Spain and Portugal with the aim of defending what remained of their colonial empires, coveted by English-speaking countries. This gave new life to a school of thought known as "Iberismo", which now extended to include France in the formula of a "triple alliance of the South" based on the common interests of Latin countries. The failure of both attempts at rapprochement gave rise to these ideas being transferred, by the beginning of the 20th century, to the Spanish-speaking countries of America. Iberismo was to become "Hispano-Americanismo", and the defence of strategic and material interests was to begin with a reaffirmation of the moral and spiritual qualities of peoples sharing common roots and a common language. Ideas and arguments along these lines were then developed on both sides of the Atlantic, crossing boundaries into other spheres of intellectual activity

Programas para la reducción de riesgos y daños derivados de las drogodependencias. Aspectos jurídicos

[ES] En la década de los ochenta se produce una expansión del fenómeno del consumo de drogas. Frente a ello, la Comunidad Internacional, parte implicada en la denominada “lucha contra las drogas”, ha firmado una serie de convenios internacionales para superar este problema. Al margen de la penalización, se han buscado alternativas tales como los programas de reducción de riesgos y daños. Estos programas pueden desarrollarse a través de numerosas estrategias, sin embargo pueden presentar dificultades derivadas de su adecuación a la legalidad vigente, o enfrentarse a diversos problemas y equívocos en cuanto a su aplicación práctica.[EU] Larogei garren hamarkadan drogen kontsumoen hedapen bat ematen da. Drogen aurkako borrokan parte den nazioarteko komunitateak, drogen aurka hainbat hitzarmen sinatu ditu. Zigorrak alde batetara utziz, haien ordez beste bide batzuk aurkitzen saiatu dira, adibidez, min eta arriskuak gutxitzen dituzten programak. Hainbat estrategiei esker garatu daitezke programa hauek, baina zailtasunak, gaur egungo legeriarekin moldatzerakoan etor daitezke, edo eta aplikazio praktikoak ematen dituen zailtasun eta okerrak.[FR] Dans les années quatre-vingts se produit une expansion du phénomène de la consommation de drogues. Face à cela, la Communauté Internationale, partie impliquée dans la “lutte contre les drogues”, a signé une suite de conventions internationales pour résoudre ce problème. En marge de la pénalisation, on a cherché des alternatives comme les programmes de réduction des risques et des dommages. Ces programmes peuvent être développés à travers de nombreuses stratégies, peuvent toutefois présenter des difficultés dérivées de leur adéquation à la légalité en vigueur, ou faire face à divers problèmes et équivoques quant à leur application pratique.[EN] The phenomenon of drugs use spreads in the Eighties. In front of it, the International Community, involved in the fight against drugs, has signed some international treaties to face this problem. Apart from the punishment, harm reduction programs were started. These programs can be developed through numerous strategies but, nevertheless, they can present diverse difficulties derived from their adaptation to the effective legality, or have som problems putting them into practice

Wastewater Treatment by Advanced Oxidation Process and Their Worldwide Research Trends

Background: Water is a scarce resource and is considered a fundamental pillar of sustainable development. The modern development of society requires more and more drinking water. For this cleaner wastewater, treatments are key factors. Among those that exist, advanced oxidation processes are being researched as one of the sustainable solutions. The main objective of this manuscript is to show the scientific advances in this field. Methods: In this paper, a systematic analysis of all the existing scientific works was carried out to verify the evolution of this line of research. Results: It was observed that the three main countries researching this field are China, Spain, and the USA. Regarding the scientific collaboration between countries, three clusters were detected—one of Spain, one of China and the USA, and one of Italy and France. The publications are grouped around three types of water: industrial, urban, and drinking. Regarding the research, 15 clusters identified from the keywords analyzed the advanced oxidation process (alone or combined with biological oxidation) with the type of wastewater and the target pollutant, removal of which is intended. Finally, the most important scientific communities or clusters detected in terms of the number of published articles were those related to the elimination of pollutants of biological origin, such as bacteria, and of industrial nature, such as pesticides or pharmaceutical products

The cartographer Enrique d’Almonte, at the crossroads of Spanish colonialism in Asia and Africa

D’Almonte fue un cartógrafo civil, que realizó los mejores mapas de las colonias españolas del momento (exceptuando Cuba): tarea normalmente realizada por militares. La explicación está en sus destrezas como dibujante, en sus cualidades como explorador, en los rudimentarios pero eficientes métodos de medición y en los saberes geográficos que supo atesorar: lingüísticos, geológicos, botánicos y etnográficos. Sus expediciones y mapas sobre Filipinas entre 1880 y 1898 sorprendieron tanto al American Bureau of Mineralogy que lo calificó como “uno de los grandes exploradores del siglo XX”. Sus acciones y propuestas serían de gran utilidad para el dominio colonial que en ese momento buscaban las autoridades españolasD’Almonte was a civilian cartographer who made the best maps of the Spanish colonies of the moment (except for Cuba), a task usually carried out by the military. The reasons are his skills as a draftsman, his qualities as an explorer, the rudimentary but efficient methods of measurement he used and the broad linguistic, geological, botanical and ethnographic knowledge he was able to cumulate. His expeditions and maps of the Philippines between 1880 and 1898 surprised the American Bureau of Mineralogy so much that it called him “one of the great explorers of the twentieth century”. Their actions and proposals would result of much utility for the colonial domination that Spanish authorities were seeking to establis

Imagined territories and histories in conflict during the struggles for Western Sahara, 1956–1979

Political conflicts in the western fringe of the Saharan desert since the second half of the 1950s have involved actors using competing territorial imaginaries, which disagree on the question of sovereignty and who should hold it. As soon as newly independent Morocco claimed the then Spanish Sahara as part of a ‘Greater Morocco’, other nationalist projects such as the ‘Ensamble Mauritanien’, the ‘Spanish nation’ and the ‘Saharawi people’, incorporated the colony into their own imagined territories in incompatible ways. All of these geographical visions were justified by different interpretations of the history of the Atlantic Sahara. This article shows the role played by alternative conceptions of this space, and the histories that supported them, during the end of Spanish colonial rule and the beginning of Moroccan control. It also shows how new ideas of state sovereignty and political legitimacy within the regional and international context conditioned the competing territorial conceptions and discouraged any attempt to develop a non-nationalist imaginationThis work has received financial support from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (RþD Project HAR 2012- 36414

Advanced titanium scaffolds obtained by directional freeze-drying: on the influence of processing conditions

Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain under Grant No. MAT2010-20855Junta de Andalucía (Spain) / FEDER (EU), through the project Ref. P12-TEP-140

Atmospheric correction algorithm for POLDER data. Case study: DAISEX 1999 campaign

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta un algoritmo para corregir los efectos de la atmósfera de la reflectividad multiangulare hiperespectral de POLDER, prestando especial atención al efecto de los aerosoles. Los datos fueron adquiridos durante la campaña DAISEX-99 de la Agencia Espacial Europea. El algoritmo está basado en la inversión de la reflectividad medida en dos pasos. Primero, se invierte la reflectividad de POLDER para determinar los tres parámetros de la función de distribución de la reflectividad bidireccional de la superficie (BRDF). Estos valores son los datos de entrada de la superficie para el segundo paso. En este segundo paso, invertimos de nuevo la reflectividad para obtener tres parámetros de la superficie y cuatro parámetros de los aerosoles para localidades rurales y cinco en el resto. Los parámetros de los aerosoles son la densidad de partículas de los componentes básicos de los aerosoles: insoluble en agua, soluble en agua, hollín, sales marina es modo de acumulación y sales marinas en modo grueso. Por tanto, la salida del algoritmo es el contenido de varios componentes básicos y los parámetros del modelo de BRDF. Aplicando la teoría de dispersión de Mie hemos obtenido el espesor óptico de los aerosoles (AOD) y comparado el resultado con los valores determinados a partir de medidas de extinción de la radiación solar a nivel del suelo. Se ha obtenido como condición de contorno para la inversión la información disponible sobre los aerosoles obtenida a partir de las retrotrayectorias de las masas de aire. Utilizando esta información mostramos que los valores del AOD están más próximos a la medida y que por tanto el funcionamiento del algoritmo es mejor. ABSTRACT This paper presents an algorithm to correct the effects of the atmosphere of POLDER hyperspectral and multiangular reflectance, paying particular emphasis to the aerosol effect. The data were acquired during the European Space Agency campaign DAISEX-99. The algorithm is based on the inversion of measured reflectance in two steps. First, we invert the POLDER reflectances to determine the three parameters of a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the surface. These values are the first guess of the surface parameters for the second step. In the second step, we invert again the reflectance to obtain three surface parameters and four aerosol variables, in rural sites, and five variables in the rest. The aerosol variables are the particle density of the basic aerosol components: water-insoluble, water soluble and soot particles, sea-salt in accumulation mode and sea-salt in coarse mode. Thus, the algorithm output is the content of some aerosol basic components and the BRDF parameters of the surface. Applying the Mie scattering theory we have obtained the aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the retrieved aerosols and compared it with the values obtained from ground-based solar irradiance extinction measurements. The available information about the aerosols coming from airmass backtrajectories and isobaric maps provides a boundary condition for the inversion. Using this information we show that the AOD values are closer to the measured values and thus the performance of the algorithm is better. icon