Regulaciones panameñas a los delitos informáticos que afectan los Sistemas de Información Contables Administrativos (SICA)

The great technological innovations, the intrinsic characteristic of Internet, and the increase of inexperienced users, have become the main field of action of the cybercriminals, who are on the lookout to design novel and forms of infraction of the law. In turn, these innovations, which have contributed to what today is well was known as "Globalization”, has played a transcendental role in the world's economic growth and has been without a number of advantages and disadvantages that have worked of benefit and users and organizations. Their growing bond, crosses the borders of countries. On the other hand, the aforementioned non-existence of borders offers a bigger number of opportunities to perpetrate different acts or antisocial behavior, mainly malicious attacks on information systems. These facts have motivated governments to confront history, people, and companies. Regulations to all countries. In 2001, the European Council took on this challenge, trying to mitigate the problem of supranationalism, but according to the UN's comprehensive study in 2013, the real focus of the problem are the least important countries, as these are mostly vulnerable to cybercrime. This is the objective of our investigation since Panama, a developing country and in regard to this type of acts, may suffer damages, to the electronic banking operations and the organizations and users that manage this type of service. This is where the objective and interest of this article arises, to investigate what are the existing regulations in Panama that help control, prevent or mitigate this problem latent worldwide that may specifically affect the Accounting and Administrative Information Systems and therefore the organizations and users that manage them.Los grandes avances tecnológicos, la característica intrínseca del Internet, (inexistencia de fronteras), y el aumento de usuarios inexpertos, se han convertido en el principal campo de acción de cibercriminales que están al asecho para crear novedosas y complejas formas de infringir la ley. A su vez, estos adelantos, que han contribuido a lo que hoy conocemos como “Globalización” han jugado un papel trascendental en el crecimiento económico del mundo, ya que conllevan un sinnúmero de ventajas y desventajas, que han sido de provecho a usuarios y organizaciones. Su creciente vínculo, traspasa las fronteras de los países creando espacios suficientes a diferentes ámbitos de la vida, sociedad, negocios diversos, entre otros. Por otro lado, la mencionada inexistencia de fronteras, ofrece un mayor número de oportunidades a cibercriminales de perpetrar diferentes actos o comportamientos antisociales, principalmente agresiones mal intencionadas a sistemas de información. Estos hechos han motivado a los gobiernos, a hacer frente a tales circunstancias aportando respuestas expeditas que faciliten la protección de los usuarios, tanto empresas como particulares, a través de regulaciones las cuales desde hace mucho tiempo se han tratado de unificar para que exista una misma normativa a todos los países. En 2001 el consejo europeo asumió este reto, tratando así de mitigar el problema de la supranacionalidad, pero de acuerdo al estudio exhaustivo por la ONU en 2013, el verdadero foco del problema son los países menos desarrollados, pues estos son los mayormente vulnerables al cibercrimen.Es de aquí donde surge el objetivo e interés de este artículo, investigar cuales son las regulaciones o normativas existentes en Panamá, que pueden controlar, prevenir o mitigar esta problemática latente a nivel mundial que puedan afectar específicamente a los Sistemas de Información Contables y Administrativos y por ende las organizaciones y usuarios que utilicen los mismos.        &nbsp

Reliability of the Brazilian version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Lung (FACT‐L) and the FACT‐Lung Symptom Index (FLSI)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the Brazilian version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) with the FACT-Lung Symptom Index (FLSI) questionnaire. INTRODUCTION: The assessment of quality of life in patients with lung cancer has become an important evaluative endpoint in current clinical trials. For lung cancer patients, one of the most common quality of life tools available is the FACT-L. Despite the amount of data available regarding this questionnaire, there are no data on its performance in Brazilian lung cancer patients. METHODS: The FACT-L with the FLSI questionnaire was prospectively administered to 30 consecutive, stable, lung cancer outpatients at baseline and at 2 weeks. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient between test and retest for the FACT-L ranged from 0.79 to 0.96 and for the FLSI was 0.87. There was no correlation between these questionnaire dimensions and clinical or functional parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the FACT-L with FLSI questionnaire is reliable and is quick and simple to apply. This instrument can now be used to properly evaluate the quality of life of Brazilian lung cancer patients

Heterozygosity-fitness correlations and inbreeding depression in two critically endangered mammals

The relation among inbreeding, heterozygosity, and fitness has been studied primarily among outbred populations, and little is known about these phenomena in endangered populations. Most researchers conclude that the relation between coefficient of inbreeding estimated from pedigrees and fitness traits (inbreeding-fitness correlations) better reflects inbreeding depression than the relation between marker heterozygosity and fitness traits (heterozygosity-fitness correlations). However, it has been suggested recently that heterozygosity-fitness correlations should only be expected when inbreeding generates extensive identity disequilibrium (correlations in heterozygosity and homozygosity across loci throughout the genome). We tested this hypothesis in Mohor gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr) and Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). For Mohor gazelle, we calculated the inbreeding coefficient and measured heterozygosity at 17 microsatellite loci. For Iberian lynx, we measured heterozygosity at 36 microsatellite loci. In both species we estimated semen quality, a phenotypic trait directly related to fitness that is controlled by many loci and is affected by inbreeding depression. Both species showed evidence of extensive identity disequilibrium, and in both species heterozygosity was associated with semen quality. In the Iberian lynx the low proportion of normal sperm associated with low levels of heterozygosity was so extreme that it is likely to limit the fertility of males. In Mohor gazelle, although heterozygosity was associated with semen quality, inbreeding coefficient was not. This result suggests that when coefficient of inbreeding is calculated on the basis of a genealogy that begins after a long history of inbreeding, the coefficient of inbreeding fails to capture previous demographic information because it is a poor estimator of accumulated individual inbreeding. We conclude that among highly endangered species with extensive identity disequilibrium, examination of heterozygosity-fitness correlations may be an effective way to detect inbreeding depression, whereas inbreeding-fitness correlations may be poor indicators of inbreeding depression if the pedigree does not accurately reflect the history of inbreeding.Peer Reviewe

Evaluación Económica de Micro-redes Eléctricas con Generación Renovable

Argentina debe incrementar la incorporación de energía renovable a su matriz energética y simultáneamente generar estrategias eficientes para su gestión. En tal sentido, las microrredes eléctricas permiten enfrentar los desafíos técnicos asociados a la gestión de energía orientada a compensar la baja predictibilidad de la generación debido a la elevada variabilidad de las fuentes renovables. Este trabajo analiza la viabilidad económica de instalar dos microrredes (con aporte de energía renovable), de interés para la región Litoral-Centro de Argentina. El primer caso analizado consiste en alimentar un aserradero aislado. El segundo caso es una propuesta de interés para que un gran usuario (más de trescientos kilowatts ?300 kW? de potencia instalada) cumpla de manera rentable su obligación de autogenerar energía renovable utilizando una turbina hidrocinética de río para abastecer un sector de alumbrado público. Se utiliza Homer Pro para dimensionar en forma óptima los componentes de la microrred y para simular su desempeño eléctrico y económico a lo largo de su vida útil. Los resultados son prometedores para la región considerando los recursos disponibles en el Litoral argentino.Fil: Godoy, José Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Schierloh, R. M.. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Vega, Jorge Ruben. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; Argentin

Cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins function in intracellular iron sensing and trafficking via their bound iron-sulfur cluster

Iron is an essential nutrient for cells. It is unknown how iron, after its import into the cytosol, is specifically delivered to iron-dependent processes in various cellular compartments. Here, we identify an essential function of the conserved cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins Grx3 and Grx4 in intracellular iron trafficking and sensing. Depletion of Grx3/4 specifically impaired all iron-requiring reactions in the cytosol, mitochondria, and nucleus, including the synthesis of Fe/S clusters, heme, and di-iron centers. These defects were caused by impairment of iron insertion into proteins and iron transfer to mitochondria, indicating that intracellular iron is not bioavailable, despite highly elevated cytosolic levels. The crucial task of Grx3/4 is mediated by a bridging, glutathione-containing Fe/S center that functions both as an iron sensor and in intracellular iron delivery. Collectively, our study uncovers an important role of monothiol glutaredoxins in cellular iron metabolism, with a surprising connection to cellular redox and sulfur metabolisms