Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing in improving lipid level in patients with dyslipidemia assisted by general practitioners: Dislip-EM study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The non-pharmacological approach to cholesterol control in patients with hyperlipidemia is based on the promotion of a healthy diet and physical activity. Thus, to help patients change their habits, it is essential to identify the most effective approach. Many efforts have been devoted to explain changes in or adherence to specific health behaviors. Such efforts have resulted in the development of theories that have been applied in prevention campaigns, and that include brief advice and counseling services. Within this context, Motivational Interviewing has proven to be effective in changing health behaviors in specific cases. However, more robust evidence is needed on the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing in treating chronic pathologies -such as dyslipidemia- in patients assisted by general practitioners. This article describes a protocol to assess the effectiveness of MI as compared with general practice (brief advice), with the aim of improving lipid level control in patients with dyslipidemia assisted by a general practitioner.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>An open, two-arm parallel, multicentre, cluster, controlled, randomized, clinical trial will be performed. A total of 48-50 general practitioners from 35 public primary care centers in Spain will be randomized and will recruit 436 patients with dyslipidemia. They will perform an intervention based either on Motivational Interviewing or on the usual brief advice. After an initial assessment, follow-ups will be performed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 months. Primary outcomes are lipid levels (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides) and cardiovascular risk. The study will assess the degree of dietary and physical activity improvement, weight loss in overweight patients, and adherence to treatment guidelines.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Motivational interview skills constitute the primary strategies GPs use to treat their patients. Having economical, simple, effective and applicable techniques is essential for primary care professionals to help their patients change their lifestyle and improve their health. This study will provide scientific evidence on the effectiveness of Motivational interviewing, and will be performed under strict control over the data collected, ensuring the maintenance of therapeutic integrity.</p> <p>Trials Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01282190">NCT01282190</a>).</p

Adaptación española de la Guía Europea de Prevención Cardivascular

Presentamos la Guía europea para la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), traducida y adaptada por el Comité Español Interdisciplinario para la Prevención Cardiovascular. Esta guía se centra en la prevención de la ECV en su conjunto, recomienda el modelo SCORE para valorar el riesgo y prioriza la atención a los pacientes y sujetos de alto riesgo. El objetivo es prevenir la muerte prematura por ECV, mediante el manejo de sus factores de riesgo en la práctica clínica. Así, se requiere una intervención profesional sostenida para que los pacientes e individuos de alto riesgo incrementen su actividad física y elijan dietas cardiosaludables, y para que los fumadores abandonen el tabaco. La decisión de iniciar el tratamiento de la presión arterial dependerá de sus valores, del riesgo cardiovascular y de posibles lesiones de órganos diana. La meta terapéutica es lograr una presión arterial (140/90 mmHg, pero en pacientes con diabetes, enfermedad renal crónica, historia de ictus, enfermedad coronaria o insuficiencia cardíaca, se deben perseguir niveles inferiores. La colesterolemia debe ser menor de 200 mg/dl y el colesterol LDL menor de 130 mg/dl, aunque en pacientes con ECV o diabetes se deben perseguir niveles inferiores a 175 y 100 mg/dl, respectivamente. Un buen control de la glucemia siempre exige consejo dietético profesional. En la diabetes tipo 1 se precisa una adecuada terapia insulínica. En la diabetes tipo 2 y en los pacientes con síndrome metabólico se debe reducir el peso y aumentar la actividad física y, en su caso, aplicar fármacos. Finalmente, se incluye un anexo con recomendaciones dietéticas adaptadas a nuestro entorno y criterios de derivación o consulta con el especialista de los pacientes hipertenso y dislipémico

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified