Gestión del Conocimiento, Tecnología e Innovación: Una Historia de Desarrollo Institucional a partir de Muhammad Yunus

New philosophical, epistemological and methodological approaches are presented for the management of knowledge, technology and innovation in a market context, that is, a corporate, business and institutional epistemology to promote innovation as an organizational competence to promote the generation of wealth and social welfare. Institutional innovation includes: a) The design of new extensions of the senses, b) The articulation of technologies and c) The assurance of the impact of ideas on the market. The current paradigm is based on social, political, economic and technological systems, different from man's dilemma against nature and the balance and order of the cosmos. The Simulated Opportunities Laboratory and Observatory, LOBOS, is proposed for learning to do and let do through multidisciplinary observation of the complexity of collaborative and competitive phenomena to discern and capture market opportunities through matrix analysis. It allows the construction of prospective knowledge of the market, where the mind and thought survive in the face of the disinterest of the social actors. Consolidating the cost / benefit of knowledge, technology and innovation management allows supporting the consolidation of the theoretical body of knowledge management, technology and innovation with the support of political philosophy, science and technology, corporate and business epistemology. institutional and the study of the methods supported by the theory of Games. LOBOS constitutes a resource for interaction, iteration and integration of the volitional quality of the organizational genome of institutions aimed at learning and innovation in organizations in an environment of increasing uncertainty. To argue the benefits of LOBOS and ensure the impact of ideas in innovation management, Muhammad Yunus' successful learning history in the founding and development of the Grameen bank is analyzed.Se presentan nuevos enfoques filosóficos, epistemológicos y metodológicos para la gestión del conocimiento, tecnología e innovación en un contexto de mercado, es decir una epistemología corporativa, empresarial e institucional para fomentar la innovación como competencia organizacional para impulsar la generación de riqueza y bienestar social. La innovación institucional incluye: a) El diseño de nuevas extensiones de los sentidos, b) La articulación de las tecnologías y c) El aseguramiento del impacto de las ideas en el mercado. El paradigma actual se basa en los sistemas sociales, políticos, económicos y tecnológicos, distinto al dilema del hombre frente a la naturaleza y el equilibrio y orden del cosmos. Se propone el Laboratorio y Observatorio de Oportunidades Simuladas, LOBOS, para el aprendizaje de hacer y dejar hacer a través de la observación multidisciplinaria de la complejidad de los fenómenos colaborativos y competitivos para discernir y atrapar las oportunidades del mercado mediante el análisis matricial. Permite la construcción de conocimiento prospectivo del mercado, donde sobrevivan la mente y el pensamiento frente al desinterés de los actores sociales. Consolidar el costo/beneficio de la gestión del conocimiento, tecnología e innovación permite apoyar la consolidación del cuerpo teórico de gestión del conocimiento, tecnología e innovación con el apoyo de la filosofía política, de la ciencia y la tecnología, la epistemología corporativa, empresarial e institucional y el estudio de los métodos apoyado por la teoría de Juegos. LOBOS constituye un recurso de interacción, iteracción e integración de la cualidad volitiva del genoma organizacional de las instituciones dirigido al aprendizaje y la innovación de las organizaciones en un entorno de incertidumbre creciente. Para argumentar las bondades de LOBOS y asegurar el impacto de las ideas en gestión de la innovación, se analiza la historia de aprendizaje exitosa de Muhammad Yunus en la fundación y desarrollo del banco Grameen

Organic and conventional dairy goat production systems in Andalusian mountainous areas

Organic goat production is poorly developed in Spain. Conventional dairy goat production systems located in Andalusian mountainous areas greatly depend on pasturing which implies that its transformation to organic model is not difficult. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the viability of organic dairy goat farms –as compared to conventional–, and to study the possibilities of transitioning from conventional to organic goat production. This study was carried out in 2006 in Sierra de Cádiz (Andalusia) with the autochthonous breed Payoya. To monitor technico-economic aspects of goat farms, FAO-CIHEAM method was implemented. Results indicate that organic farms are economically viable, due mainly to low costs of external feeds and income from European Union subsidies. For transitioning from conventional to organic dairy goat production a reduction of consumption of concentrates per animal and per year and/or cultivate grain on the farm are necessary.La production caprine biologique est encore peu développée en Espagne. Les systèmes caprins laitiers dans les zones de montagne de l’Andalousie disposent de grandes surfaces pour le pâturage, et, par conséquent, il est assez facile de transformer ces systèmes en systèmes biologiques. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer la viabilité des systèmes caprins biologiques par rapport aux systèmes caprins conventionnels et d’étudier les possibilités de conversion des systèmes conventionnels en systèmes biologiques. L’étude a été réalisée en 2006 dans la Sierra de Cádiz (Andalousie) avec une race autochtone (Payoya). On a utilisé la méthodologie FAO-CIHEAM pour le suivi technico-économique des exploitations caprines. Les résultats montrent que les systèmes biologiques sont économiquement viables compte tenu surtout des moindres coûts alimentaires par rapport aux systèmes conventionnels et des aides de l’Union Européenne. Pour réussir la transformation des systèmes laitiers caprins conventionnels en systèmes biologiques, il faut réduire l’apport de concentrés et essayer de les produire dans l’exploitation.Junta Andalucí

Effect of Citrus By-product on Physicochemical Parameters, Sensory Analysis and Volatile Composition of Different Kinds of Cheese from Raw Goat Milk

The increased use of concentrates to reduce pasture as a feed source in productive systems like Payoya breed goat farms has made it necessary to decrease feeding costs. The inclusion of agro-industry by-products such as dry orange pulp pellets in goat diets has been suggested as a sustainable alternative to cereal-based concentrates. The aim of this work was to assess the influence of diets including dry orange pulp pellets on the quality of cheeses traditionally made from Payoya breed goat milk. We analysed the physicochemical characteristics, sensory properties and volatile compound profiles of 18 artisanal cheeses made from raw Payoya milk. In this study, goats were fed with different concentrations of dry orange pulp; and cheeses were curdled with animal and vegetable coagulants. Slight differences were detected between some cheeses. However, the use of citrus by-products in the Payoya goat diets did not substantially affect the cheeses’ physicochemical properties, olfactory attributes, or volatile profiles. Therefore, dried citrus pulp can be used as a substitute for cereal concentrates without affecting the distinct properties of these ripened raw goat milk cheeses

Control de plantas de destilación por membranas con apoyo de energía solar

La destilación por membranas es una tecnología de desalación de agua no implantada industrialmente y en la que existen numerosas incógnitas sobre su funcionamiento y producción en condiciones intermitentes de operación como las que se pueden alcanzar cuando se usa energía solar como fuente primaria de energía. Una de las pocas plantas piloto actuales está ubicada en la Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA). En este trabajo se incluye una descripción sobre la instalación y los esquemas de control que se han propuesto para conseguir unas condiciones adecuadas de flujo másico y temperatura a la entrada del sistema de destilación. En la segunda parte se expondrán resultados representativos

Sensory quality of meat from suckling kids of two indigenous Spanish goat breeds raised in grazing production systems

En España, hay un interés creciente por la conservación de las razas caprinas autóctonas con formas de producción basadas en el pastoreo y por la posibilidad de transformación en producciones ecológicas. El objetivo ha sido evaluar las características sensoriales de la carne de cabrito lechal de dos razas autóctonas, criados en sistemas de producción convencional y ecológica, basados en el pastoreo. Se utilizaron 21 cabritos lechales de los cuales 12 fueron criados en un sistema ecológico (6 de raza Payoya y 6 de raza Blanca Andaluza) y 9 en un sistema convencional (3 de raza Payoya y 6 de raza Blanca Andaluza). El perfil sensorial de la carne se evaluó mediante un panel analítico. Con relación al sistema de explotación, los resultados obtenidos indican que las carnes procedentes de sistemas ecológicos tenían menos intensidad de olor y una textura más blanda, tierna y jugosa que las carnes del sistema convencional. Respecto a la raza, el estudio mostró que las carnes de cabrito de la raza Blanca Andaluza presentaron una intensidad de olor menor y una textura más blanda, tierna y jugosa que las carnes de cabrito de la raza Payoya. Estos resultados preliminares podrían ser favorables para la transformación de las explotaciones convencionales, basadas en pastoreo, a ecológicas.In Spain, there is growing interest in the conservation of native goat breeds in grazing production systems, and the possibility of conventional farms transitioning to organic. This requires a complete understanding of the repercussions of this transition, including its effect on end product sensory quality. An evaluation was done of the sensory attributes of suckling goat meat from two indigenous Spanish breeds (Payoya and Blanca Andaluza) raised in conventional and organic grazing production systems. Of the 21 suckling kids used, 12 were raised in an organic system (6 Payoya and 6 Blanca Andaluza) and 9 in a conventional system (3 Payoya and 6 Blanca Andaluza). Meat sensory profile was evaluated by an analytical panel. The meat from kids raised in organic systems had less intensity of smell and a softer, more tender and juicier texture than meat from the conventional systems. Meat from Blanca Andaluza kids exhibited lower odor intensity and a softer, more tender and juicier texture than the Payoya kid meat. These are promising preliminary results that highlight some of the benefits resulting from the transition from conventional to organic grazing systems for goat production

Physicochemical Composition, Antioxidant Status, Fatty Acid Profile, and Volatile Compounds ofMilk and Fresh and Ripened Ewes’ Cheese from a Sustainable Part-Time Grazing System

We conducted the first nutritional analysis of dairy products from the traditional Roja Mallorquina sheep breed. Samples of bulk raw milk were taken twice a month from December 2015 to March 2016 from sheep fed using a part-time grazing system, and fresh soft (FC, n = 8) and ripened (RC, n = 8) cheeses were made. The variability in vitamins, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and fatty acid (FA) content was influenced by the cheese-making process (differences between the cheese and the original milk) and by the type of cheese-making technology (mainly related to heating, the use of starter culture, and ripening). The most notable physicochemical characteristic of the cheeses was low fat content (24.1 and 29.6 g/100 g for FC and RC). Milk and RC were characterised by major concentrations of retinol (211.4 and 233.6 g/100 g dry matter (DM), respectively) and TPC (18.7 and 54.6 g/100 g DM, respectively), while FC was characterised by major concentrations of retinol (376.4 g) and -tocopherol (361.7 g). The fat soluble components of the FC generally exhibited better nutritional value for human health than those of the milk and RC, with a higher level of retinol and -tocopherol; lower values for saturated FA, atherogenic, and thrombogenic indices; and higher levels of monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, n-3, and n-6. Acids, alcohols, and ketones comprised almost 95% of the volatile compounds detected. Acetoin and products of lactose and citrate metabolism played an important role in the development of the aromatic attributes of both kinds of cheese. This preliminary study can contribute to add value to these traditional products according to healthy nutritional criteria and supports the implementation of strategies to promote their commercialisation and obtain product labelling as “pasture-fed” or specific marks

Solar photovoltaic technology in isolated rural communities in Latin America and the Caribbean

The main characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) energy and its current development in Latin American and Caribbean countries (LAC); its impact on the electrification of homes, health institutions, and schools in isolated or difficult-to-access communities; and, the advantages thereof are presented and discussed by replacing the use of traditional fuels such as firewood and kerosene in order to improve inhabitants ’health as well as reducing CO2 emissions. Countries like Nicaragua, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile stand out for their growing PV energy development in the region. A case study of the electrification process by PV systems shows very positive changes are manifested in terms of improving the quality of life of the inhabitants, and especially their physical and mental health state. In addition, CO2 emission reductions from electrifying 216 houses in the nine communities reach an annual amount of 2,164.19 t/yr, reducing firewood consumption by 2,123.39 t/yr and kerosene consumption by 40.80 t/yr However, LAC countries must adopt laws and regulations that regulate the use of PV energy, with an emphasis on recycling systems at the end of their life cycle

Plant characterization of genetically modified maize hybrids MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-88Ø17-3, MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-ØØ6Ø3-6, and MON-ØØ6Ø3-6: alternatives for maize production in Mexico

Environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops is a process to evaluate whether the biotechnology trait(s) in a GM crop may result in increased pest potential or harm to the environment. In this analysis, two GM insect-resistant (IR) herbicide-tolerant maize hybrids (MON-89Ø34-3 9 MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 9 MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) and one herbicide-tolerant GM hybrid (MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) were compared with conventional maize hybrids of similar genetic backgrounds. Two sets of studies, Experimental Phase and Pilot Phase, were conducted across five ecological regions (ecoregions) in Mexico during 2009–2013, and data were subject to meta-analysis. Results from the Experimental Phase studies, which were used for ERA, indicated that the three GM hybrids were not different from conventional maize for early stand count, days-tosilking, days-to-anthesis, root lodging, stalk lodging, or final stand count. Statistically significant differences were observed for seedling vigor, ear height, plant height, grain moisture, and grain yield, particularly in the IR hybrids; however, none of these phenotypic differences are expected to contribute to a biological or ecological change that would result in an increased pest potential or ecological risk when cultivating these GM hybrids. Overall, results from the Experimental Phase studies are consistent with those from other world regions, confirming that there are no additional risks compared to conventional maize. Results from Pilot Phase studies indicated that, compared to conventional maize hybrids, no differences were detected for the agronomic and phenotypic characteristics measured on the three GM maize hybrids, with the exception of grain moisture and grain yield in the IR hybrids. Since MON-89Ø34- 3 9 MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 9 MONØØ6Ø3- 6 confer resistance to target insect pests, they are an alternative for farmers in Mexico to protect the crop from insect damage. Additionally, the herbicide tolerance conferred by all three GM hybrids enables more cost-effective weed management

Efficacy and safety of preoperative preparation with Lugol's iodine solution in euthyroid patients with Graves’ disease (LIGRADIS Trial): Study protocol for a multicenter randomized trial

Background: Currently, both the American Thyroid Association and the European Thyroid Association recom mend preoperative preparation with Lugol's Solution (LS) for patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves’ Disease (GD), but their recommendations are based on low-quality evidence. The LIGRADIS trial aims to pro vide evidence either to support or refute the systematic use of LS in euthyroid patients undergoing thyroidec tomy for GD. Methods: A multicenter randomized controlled trial will be performed. Patients ≥18 years of age, diagnosed with GD, treated with antithyroid drugs, euthyroid and proposed for total thyroidectomy will be eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria will be prior thyroid or parathyroid surgery, hyperparathyroidism that requires associated parathyroidectomy, thyroid cancer that requires adding a lymph node dissection, iodine allergy, consumption of lithium or amiodarone, medically unfit patients (ASA-IV), breastfeeding women, preoperative vocal cord palsy and planned endoscopic, video-assisted or remote access surgery. Between January 2020 and January 2022, 270 patients will be randomized for either receiving or not preoper ative preparation with LS. Researchers will be blinded to treatment assignment. The primary outcome will be the rate of postoperative complications: hypoparathyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hematoma, surgical site infection or death. Secondary outcomes will be intraoperative events (Thyroidectomy Difficulty Scale score, blood loss, recurrent laryngeal nerve neuromonitoring signal loss), operative time, postoperative length of stay, hospital readmissions, permanent complications and adverse events associated to LS. Conclusions: There is no conclusive evidence supporting the benefits of preoperative treatment with LS in this set ting. This trial aims to provide new insights into future Clinical Practice Guidelines recommendations. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03980132