Aspectos fenológicos, desempenho produtivo, qualidade e compostos bioativos de frutos de cultivares de mirtileiros no Paraná

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Luiz Antônio BiasiCoorientadores : Profª. Drª. Francine Lorena Cuquel e Drª. Claudine Maria de BonaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia. Defesa: Curitiba, 20/04/2016Inclui referências: f. 50-53;65-67;81-84;98-101;110-117Área de concentração: Produção vegetalResumo: A existência de muitas cultivares de mirtileiros (Vaccinium spp.) exige estudos quanto ao comportamento produtivo e de seus compostos bioativos no local de cultivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento fenológico, a produtividade e a qualidade de frutos de oito cultivares de mirtileiros do grupo rabbiteye (Aliceblue, Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue e Woodard) e duas do grupo highbush (Georgiagem e O'Neal) no Centro de Estações Experimentais da UFPR, em Pinhais e nas Estações Experimentais do IAPAR, nos municípios de Cerro Azul e Lapa, no Estado do Paraná, nos ciclos produtivos de 2012/2013, 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. As plantas foram dispostas em quatro blocos varietais aleatórios, com dez plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas as datas de início e final de floração, início e final de colheita, frutificação efetiva, produção, massa, tamanho, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável, ratio, coloração e a quantificação de vitamina C, polifenóis, flavonóides, antocianinas totais e atividade antioxidante. As cultivares apresentaram floração entre julho e setembro, concentrando sua colheita no mês de novembro e dezembro. As maiores frutificações efetivas foram observadas nas cultivares Briteblue, Climax, Delite e Powderblue. Houve diferenças entre as cultivares quanto a massa do fruto, tamanho, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez. As cultivares em estudo exibem coloração azul com poucas variações ao longo dos anos de avaliação. As cultivares com melhor desempenho produtivo foram Bluegem, Climax, Delite e Powderblue. A maior concentração de vitamina C foi encontrada na cultivar Delite, em Pinhais. A cultivar Powderblue, cultivada na Lapa, apresentou a maior quantidade de polifenóis e a mais alta concentração de antocianinas totais. O maior teor de flavonóides foi verificado na cultivar Delite cultivada em Pinhais. A atividade antioxidante variou de acordo com o local de cultivo e as cultivares. O maior potencial antioxidante foi obtido nas cultivares em Pinhais, seguido pela Lapa e Cerro Azul. As cultivares avaliadas apresentaram correlação positiva entre conteúdo total de antocianinas e polifenóis e atividade antioxidante. Os resultados confirmam o potencial do mirtilo como fonte de compostos fenólicos, com elevada atividade antioxidante, e evidencia que existem diferentes níveis de concentrações de compostos bioativos conforme a cultivar e o local de cultivo. Palavras-chave: pequenas frutas, fruticultura, polifenóis, antocianinas, vitamina C.Abstract: Studies about yield and bioactive compounds production in each area of cultivation are required because many blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) cultivars are available. This work aimed to evaluate the phenological behavior, yield and fruit quality of ten blueberry cultivars (Aliceblue, Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Georgiagem, O'Neal, Powderblue, and Woodard) in Experimental Stations Center UFPR in Pinhais and the Experimental Stations of IAPAR in the municipalities of Cerro Azul and Lapa, in Paraná, in cycles 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The plants were arranged in four varieties random blocks, with ten plants per plot. Start and end of flowering and harvest, the fruit set, yield, mass, size, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, staining and quantification of vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Cultivars showed flowering period from July to September, focusing their harvest in November and December. The highest fruit set were observed with Briteblue, Climax, Delite and Powderblue cultivars. There were differences among cultivars for the fruit mass, size, pH, soluble solids and acidity. The cultivars studied exhibit blue color with little variation over the years of assessment. The cultivars with better growth performance were Bluegem, Climax, Delite and Powderblue. The highest concentration of vitamin C found in the cultivar Delite in Pinhais. Cultivar Powderblue, grown in Lapa, had the highest amount of polyphenols and the highest concentration of anthocyanins. The highest content of flavonoids was found in the cultivar Delite grown in Pinhais. The antioxidant activity varied according to the place of cultivation and cultivars. The greatest potential antioxidant was obtained in cultivars in Pinhais, following the Lapa and Cerro Azul. The cultivars showed a positive correlation between conteúdo total anthocyanins and polyphenols and antioxidant activity. The results confirm the blueberry potential as a source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity, and shows that there are different levels of bioactive compounds in concentrations as to cultivate and area of cultivation. Key words: small fruit, fruit culture, polyphenols, anthocianins, vitamin C

Reação de genótipos de pessegueiro a bacteriose causada por Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni

The bacterioses of peach caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni is an of the majors diseases of the peach orchard in Brazil and in the most of producing regions of the world. The use of resistant cultivars is a tool to reduce disease progresses in commercial orchards. This work aimed to evaluate and classify peaches genotypes which the sensitivity to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. Thus, three experiments were performed to evaluate the reaction of genotypes of peach in different situations. In the experiment under natural conditions, it was evaluated the incidence, severity and defoliation caused by bacterial spot. The genotypes showed different levels of sensitivity, and the genotypes Conserva 985, Conserva 1129, Conserva 871 and 'Tropic Snow' were the most resistant, while ‘Bonão’, Conserva 1125, 'Atenas' and Conserva 1153 was the most susceptible ones. In laboratory, it was evaluated the severity of bacterial spot in detached peach leaf, inoculated with Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni in eight genotypes of peach, selected in the experiment under natural conditions. It was measured the activated of some biochemical compounds related to the pathogenesis in two resistant genotypes and two susceptible ones. Based on the results, it was concluded that the detached-leaf bioassay, inoculated by infiltration, is possible to use for identify resistant bacterial spot genotypes. The genotypes that showed the lowest rates of disease were Conserva 985 and Conserva 1129, while Conserva 1153, Atenas and Conserva 1125 showed the highest rates; it was not possible to identify a biochemical compound related to bacterial spot resistance. In a controlled environment (greenhouse), it was evaluated the progression of the disease in young plants through the levels of bacterial spot severity on the leaves, using the same genotypes of the experiment in the laboratory. The results were similar with the previous results confirming the resistance of Conserva 985 and Conserva 1129, and the susceptibility of Conserva 1153 and ‘Atenas’ to bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni.CAPESA bacteriose do pessegueiro causada por Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni é uma das principais doenças da cultura no Brasil e na maioria das regiões produtoras do mundo. A utilização de cultivares resistentes é um instrumento para reduzir o progresso da doença. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e classificar genótipos de pessegueiro quanto à sensibilidade a Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. Assim, foram realizados três experimentos visando avaliar a reação de genótipos de pessegueiro em diferentes situações. No experimento em condições naturais se avaliou a incidência, a severidade e a desfolha ocasionada pela doença. Os genótipos avaliados apresentaram níveis diferentes de sensibilidade, sendo que os genótipos Conserva 985, Conserva 1129, Conserva 871 e ‘Tropic Snow’ apresentaram-se como os mais resistentes, enquanto que ‘Bonão’, Conserva 1125, ‘Atenas’ e Conserva 1153 os mais suscetíveis. Em laboratório se avaliou a severidade da bacteriose em folhas destacadas e inoculadas com Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni em oito genótipos de pessegueiro, selecionados no experimento em condições naturais Mensurou-se, também, a atividade de alguns compostos bioquímicos relacionados à patogênese em dois genótipos mais resistentes e dois mais suscetíveis. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a técnica de inoculação por infiltração em folhas destacadas é viável para identificar genótipos resistentes à bacteriose; os genótipos Conserva 985 e Conserva 1129 apresentaram-se como os mais resistentes, enquanto que Conserva 1125, ‘Atenas’ e Conserva 1153 os mais suscetíveis; não foi possível relacionar a resistência à bacteriose com os compostos bioquímicos estudados. Em ambiente controlado (estufa) se avaliou a progressão da doença em plantas juvenis, através dos níveis de severidade nas folhas, utilizando os mesmos genótipos do experimento em laboratório. Os resultados obtidos foram similares aos experimentos anteriores e ratificaram a resistência dos genótipos Conserva 985 e Conserva 1129 e de suscetibilidade dos genótipos Conserva 1153, ‘Bonão’ e ‘Antenas’ a bacteriose causada por Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni

Reação de genótipos de pessegueiro a mancha foliar causada por Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni

A bacteriose foliar causada por Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni é uma das mais importantes doenças do pessegueiro [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] no Brasil e no mundo. Avaliou-se a sensibilidade de genótipos de pessegueiro a X. arboricola pv. pruni. Trinta genótipos foram avaliados em campo, quanto à incidência, severidade e desfolha causada pela bactéria. Calculou-se a correlação entre desfolha e severidade da doença. A partir dos resultados obtidos em campo, foram selecionados quatro genótipos resistentes ('Conserva 985', 'Conserva 871', 'Conserva 1129' e 'Tropic Snow') e quatro suscetíveis ('Conserva 1153', 'Bonão', 'Conserva 1125' e 'Atenas') para serem novamente avaliados pelo bioensáio com folhas destacadas e em casa de vegetação. Os genótipos diferiram quanto a reação ao patógeno, não sendo observada imunidade. Confirmou-se a resistência para 'Conserva 985' e 'Conserva 1129' e a suscetibilidade para 'Conserva 1153', 'Conserva 1125' e 'Atenas', pelo bioensáio com folhas destacadas.Bacterial leaf spot (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, is one of the most important diseases in Brazilian peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchards and all over the world. The main objective of this study was to evaluate for BLS sensitivity of peach genotypes. Evaluations of thirty genotypes were carried out during the onset of the disease, for incidence, severity and defoliation, in field conditions. Pearson's correlations between the percentage of defoliation and leaf severity rating were performed. Genotypes 'Conserva 985', 'Conserva 871', 'Conserva 1129', and 'Tropic Snow', as resistance sources, and 'Conserva 1153', 'Bonão', 'Conserva 1125', and 'Atenas', as susceptible to BLS, were submitted to detached-leaf bioassay and greenhouse evaluation. The peach genotypes showed different reactions to the BLS, and none was immune to the pathogen. 'Conserva 985' and 'Conserva 1129' confirmed resistance responsiveness while 'Conserva 1153', 'Conserva 1125' and 'Atenas' were found susceptible for the detached-leaf bioassay

Production of blueberries in subtropical climate of altitude

Phenology and production potential studies are important to choose the cultivars more adapted to the climatic conditions of a region. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenology, productivity and fruit quality of blueberry cultivars in subtropical climate of altitude, in three production cycles (2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015). Eight cultivars from rabbiteye (Aliceblue, Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue and Woodard) and two from highbush (Georgiagem and O'Neal) groups was evaluated. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications and six plants per plot, with four useful plants. The beginning and the end of flowering, beginning and end of harvest, production, berry weight, berry size, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio and skin color of blueberries were evaluated. The cultivars had flowering period from July to September, and concentrated harvest in November and December. ‘Bluegem’ presented the highest yields in the three evaluated cycles, reaching the production of 1215 g plant-1 in the third cycle. This cultivar also showed low acidity and high ratio. Berry size, pH and soluble solids contents were very close with some variations among the cultivars, in the three cycles evaluated. Coloring of the fruit presented few variations over the years of assessment. The most productive blueberry cultivar is the Bluegem, followed by cultivars Climax, Delite and Powderblue, of rabbiteye group, demonstrating better fit for cultivation in subtropical climate of altitude

Efecto del 1-metilciclopropeno en la calidad poscosecha de frutos de higos maduros de la var. Roxo-de-Valinhos

1 recurso en línea (páginas 75-81).The fig is one of the most perishable fruits during the postharvest phase, which has prompted studies to evaluate the effects of substances applied on figs after harvest in order to extend their postharvest life. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the postharvest quality of Roxo de Valinhos figs. The research was conducted by applying 4 concentrations of 1-MCP (0 - control, 5, 10, and 20 μg L-1) on figs, after which the fruits were evaluated at five different storage times (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 days). The results showed that 20 μg L-1 of 1-MCP provided the best fruit firmness at day 12 after harvest. The 1-MCP treatments did not improve the total amount of total soluble solids (TSS), but we observed higher amount of total solids from 12 to 16 days of storage. Higher acidity was observed in the figs without a 1-MCP treatment at 8 days of storage and with 20 μg L-1 of 1-MCP after 12 days of storage. 1-MCP did not affect fruit weight loss. The figs treated with 1-MCP showed promising and rising values of firmness, acidity, and TSS at the highest dose. The TSS concentration tended to increase at the higher doses. As a result, it could be interesting to assay this substance with applications with higher concentrations than those used in the present study.El higo es una de las frutas más perecederas en la poscosecha, lo cual ha promovido estudios para evaluar el efecto a aplicación de sustancias en el fruto después de la cosecha con el fin de conservar su calidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) en la calidad de poscosecha del higo variedad Roxo-de-Valinhos. El experimento fue realizado con aplicaciones de cuatro concentraciones de 1-MCP (0 - testigo, 5, 10 y 20 μg L-1) en los frutos que fueran evaluados en cinco diferentes períodos de almacenamiento (0, 4, 8, 12 y 16 días). El tratamiento con 1-MCP no aumentó el contenido de sólidos solubles totales (SST), sin embargo se observó un considerable incremento en el período de 12 y 16 días de almacenamiento. La acidez elevada fue obtenida en los frutos no tratados con 1-MCP a los 8 días de almacenamiento y en los tratados con 20 μg L-1 de 1-MCP a los 12 días de almacenamiento. El 1-MCP no influenció en la pérdida de peso de los frutos. Los higos tratados con las dosis de 1-MCP mostraron valores prometedores y crecientes de firmeza, acidez y SST. Las concentraciones de SST tendieron a aumentar a una dosis más alta, por lo que puede ser interesante probar esta sustancia aplicada en las concentraciones más altas que las utilizadas en este trabajo.Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 80-8

Indução de resistência à podridão-parda em pêssegos pelo uso de eliciadores em pós-colheita

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl and harpin protein elicitors, applied in post-harvest, in systemic resistance induction to brown-rot, on peaches. A completely randomized design was utilized, with four replicates, in a split plot scheme – injured or noninjured peaches –, and treatments were constituted of : acibenzolar-S-methyl (50 mg of a.i. L-1), two commercial products with harpin protein (80 mg of a.i. L-1); and control (distilled water). Peaches were sprayed individually with 1 mL of aqueous solution containing the treatments and, after 12 hours, the inoculation of Monilinia fructicola was carried out (0.2 mL of spore suspension with 105 spores mL-1, in each side of the fruit). Sixty hours past inoculation, the size of lesions, esporulation and percentage of control were evaluated. The contents of total protein, total phenol, total and reducing sugar, besides activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), were determined. The elicitors induce resistance to M. fructicola, with reduction in fungal development. Elicitor's increased the evaluated biochemical parameters and the activity of PAL, which was related to the size reduction of lesions in peaches. The elicitors could be used in integrated management of brown-rot, in post-harvest applications.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos eliciadores acibenzolar-S-metil e proteína harpina, aplicados em pós-colheita, na indução de resistência sistêmica à podridão-parda em pêssegos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas – com e sem ferimentos provocados aos frutos –, e os tratamentos foram constituídos por: acibenzolar-S-metil (50 mg do i.a. L-1), dois produtos comerciais com proteína harpina (80 mg do i.a. L-1) e uma testemunha (água destilada). Os frutos foram pulverizados, individualmente, com 1 mL de solução aquosa com os tratamentos e, após 12 horas, efetuou-se a inoculação com Monilinia fructicola (0,2 mL da suspensão com concentração de 105 esporos mL-1, em cada lado do fruto). Após 60 horas da inoculação, avaliaram-se: a área lesionada, a esporulação e o percentual de controle. Determinaram-se os teores de proteínas totais, açúcares redutores e totais, fenóis, além da atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL). Os eliciadores induziram resistência dos frutos a M. fructicola, com redução do desenvolvimento do fungo. O uso dos eliciadores aumentou os teores dos parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados e a atividade da FAL, que esteve relacionada à redução da área lesionada em pêssegos. Os indutores podem contribuir para o manejo integrado da podridão-parda em pêssegos, em pós-colheita

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Reaction of peach tree genotypes to bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. prunis

Bacterial leaf spot (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, is one of the most important diseases in Brazilian peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchards and all over the world. The main objective of this study was to evaluate for BLS sensitivity of peach genotypes. Evaluations of thirty genotypes were carried out during the onset of the disease, for incidence, severity and defoliation, in field conditions. Pearson's correlations between the percentage of defoliation and leaf severity rating were performed. Genotypes 'Conserva 985', 'Conserva 871', 'Conserva 1129', and 'Tropic Snow', as resistance sources, and 'Conserva 1153', 'Bonão', 'Conserva 1125', and 'Atenas', as susceptible to BLS, were submitted to detached-leaf bioassay and greenhouse evaluation. The peach genotypes showed different reactions to the BLS, and none was immune to the pathogen. 'Conserva 985' and 'Conserva 1129' confirmed resistance responsiveness while 'Conserva 1153', 'Conserva 1125' and 'Atenas' were found susceptible for the detached-leaf bioassay