O Acesso ao Ensino Superior na República Federal da Alemanha

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar algumas informações gerais sobre o acesso ao ensino superior na Alemanha, descrever a sistemática do Exame de Maturidade Geral - Abitur, concluindo com algumas observações críticas

Cross-cultural adaptation and assessment of reproducibility of the Duke Activity Status Index for COPD patients in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To cross-culturally adapt the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) for use in Brazil and evaluate the reproducibility of the new (Brazilian Portuguese-language) version. METHODS: We selected stable patients with clinical and spirometric diagnosis of COPD. Initially, the DASI was translated into Brazilian Portuguese, and the cross-cultural adaptation was performed by an expert committee. Subsequently, 12 patients completed the questionnaire, so that their questions and difficulties could be identified and adjustments could be made. An independent translator back-translated the final version into English, which was then submitted to and approved by the original author. The final Brazilian Portuguese-language version of the DASI was applied to 50 patients at three distinct times. For the assessment of interobserver reproducibility, it was applied twice within a 30-min interval by two different interviewers. For the assessment of intraobserver reproducibility, it was applied again 15 days later by one of the interviewers. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 62.3 ± 10.0 years, the mean FEV1 was 45.2 ± 14.7% of the predicted value, and the mean body mass index was 26.8 ± 5.8 kg/m². The intraclass correlation coefficients for intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility were 0.95 and 0.90, respectively. The correlations between the DASI and the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) domains were all negative and statistically significant. The DASI correlated best with the SGRQ activity domain (r = -0.70), the total SGRQ score (r = -0.66), and the six-minute walk distance (r = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Portuguese-language version of the DASI is reproducible, fast, and simple, correlating well with the SGRQ.OBJETIVO: Adaptar culturalmente e avaliar a reprodutibilidade do Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) para o português do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados pacientes estáveis com diagnóstico clínico e espirométrico de DPOC. Inicialmente, o DASI foi traduzido para o português, e a adaptação cultural foi realizada por uma comissão de especialistas. Em seguida, o questionário foi aplicado em 12 pacientes para saber suas dúvidas e dificuldades, sendo realizadas as devidas adaptações. Um tradutor independente fez a tradução retrógrada, que foi submetida e aprovada pelo autor original. A versão final do DASI foi aplicada em 50 pacientes em dois momentos, com intervalo de 30 minutos (reprodutibilidade interobservador) e, num terceiro momento, após 15 dias (reprodutibilidade intraobservador). RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 62,3 ± 10,0 anos, a média do VEF1 foi de 45,2 ± 14,7% do valor previsto, e a do índice de massa corpórea foi de 26,8 ± 5,8 kg/m². Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse intraobservador e interobservador foram de 0,95 e 0,90, respectivamente. As correlações do DASI com todos os domínios do Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) foram negativas e estatisticamente significantes. As melhores correlações ocorreram com o domínio atividade (r = -0,70) e a pontuação total do SGRQ (r = -0,66), assim como com a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (r = 0,55). CONCLUSÕES: A versão em língua portuguesa do Brasil do DASI é reprodutível, de rápida e fácil aplicação e apresentou uma boa correlação com o SGRQ.Secretaria Estadual de Saúde Secretaria Municipal de SaúdeUniversidade Federal de Sergipe Hospital Universitário Serviço de PneumologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarAssociação de Assistência à Criança DeficienteUniversidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas Núcleo de Propedêutica e TerapêuticaStanford University School of MedicineUNIFESP, Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarSciEL

Mapeamento da fitomassa da caatinga do seridó pelos índices de área de planta e de vegetação da diferença normalizada

Phytomass is a critical information for economic and environmental activities like the establishment of policies for timber resources, forest management, studies of plant nutrient cycling, CO2 sink, among other. The phytomass of a Caatinga area was obtained by an empirical method using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Landsat images, the plant area index (PAI) and the phytomass inventory. At a first stage, linear, logarithmic and non-linear models were developed and tested. Bush and tree specimens were considered in the study, so that most of the individuals that contribute to the spectral answer detected by satellite images were included. At a second stage, the orbital parameter NDVI was used to map the PAI, which was used to map the phytomass, based on the relationship of this phytomass as a function of PAI. The residues between measurements and estimates based on NDVI varied from 0 to 84%, while the residues of total dry weight of phytomass per ha obtained by mapping and by dendrometrical equations varied from 5 to 104%, with a large trend of 166 and 448% in open Caatinga areas, due to the contribution of the herbaceous stratum to NDVI.A fitomassa, principalmente arbórea, é informação necessária em atividades econômicas e ambientais, como políticas de uso do recurso madeireiro, manejo florestal, estudos de ciclagem de nutrientes, absorção de CO2, entre outros. A finalidade deste estudo foi a verificação de um método empírico para o mapeamento da fitomassa da Caatinga do Seridó, integrando-se um inventário de fitomassa, o índice de área de planta (IAP) e o índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), por meio de imagens Landsat TM. Na primeira etapa foram desenvolvidos e testados modelos lineares, logarítmicos e não lineares. A abordagem de tamanho foi arbustiva e arbórea, incluindo-se a maior parte dos indivíduos que contribuem na resposta espectral mensurada por imagens de satélite. Em uma segunda etapa utilizamos o parâmetro orbital, NDVI, para o mapeamento do IAP, que por sua vez, foi utilizado para mapear a fitomassa. Os desvios entre mensurações de IAP e estimativas a partir do NDVI, variaram de 0 a 84%, enquanto que os desvios entre Peso Seco Total de Fitomassa por ha obtidos pelo mapeamento e por equações dendrométricas, variaram de 5 a 104%, com grandes tendências de 166 e 448% para áreas de caatinga aberta, provocada pela contribuição do estrato herbáceo no NDVI

The effective time measurement of physical education and its impact on caloric expenditure at primary schoolchildren level Municipality of Colima, Mexico

[Resumen] El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en medir el tiempo efectivo de la clase de educación física y su impacto en el gasto calórico. La población se conformó por 189 sujetos de centros escolares mexicanos. Fueron seleccionados de manera intencional a partir del ranking calidad, de la Secretaría de Educación del estado de Colima, México. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: el cuestionario del Sistema de Observación de la Aptitud y Tiempo de Instrucciones y podómetros, modelo W2–GN SBB0. Entre los resultados más relevantes se observa que el 35.10% de la clase, los alumnos permanecen de pie y el 28% no realiza actividades motoras. Con relación al papel que desempeña el profesor, el 27.80% del tiempo lo dedica a observar la clase y el 26.40% se encuentra fuera del área de trabajo. En lo relativo al gasto calórico, la media fue 164.21 ± 59.18. Se identificaron diferencias significativas (p=.000) entre escuelas, y en la posición en el ranking (p=.804). En conclusión: el nivel de actividad física durante la sesiones es insuficiente con relación a los parámetros internacionales, así como al programa nacional, que demanda mayor desempeño motriz por sobre el tiempo dedicado a la gestión de la clase[Abstract] The aim of this research was to measure the effective time of physical education and its impact on caloric expenditure. The population was composed by 189 subjects of Mexican schools. They were intentionally selected from the ranking quality of the Ministry of Education of the State of Colima, Mexico. The instruments used were the questionnaire Observing System and Fitness Instruction Time and pedometers, model W2-GN SBB0. Among the most relevant results it shows that 35.10% of the class students remain standing and 28% of the class does not perform motor activities. Regarding the role of the teacher 27.80% of the time is dedicated to observe the class and 26.40% is outside the work area. In relation to the average caloric expenditure was 164.21 ± 59.18. Significant differences (p = .000) between schools were identified, and the position in the ranking (p = .804). In conclusion: the level of physical activity during the sessions is insufficient in relation to international standards, as well as the national program, which requires an increase motor performance, over the time spent on classroom managemen

Mediação intercultural no município de Braga: reflexões sobre o projeto de mediadores municipais e interculturais

Neste capítulo, faz-se uma contextualização do PMMI e da EMMI no município de Braga, apresentam-se as principais características do funcionamento do projeto e os principais resultados alcançados ao longo dos primeiros 28 meses da sua implementação.Este trabalho é financiado por fundos nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., no âmbito do projeto UIDB/00736/2020 (financiamento base) e UIDP/00736/2020 (financiamento programático)

Morphometry of crossbred nellore claw in differents farm systems

Foram avaliadas morfometricamente, com auxílio de paquímetro eletrônico (Starrett® 799), as dimensões da parede, sola e bulbo do casco dos dedos III e IV dos membros pélvicos e torácicos, direito e esquerdo, de bovinos nelorados machos (Grupo I-confinados) e fêmeas (Grupo II-extensiva). A avaliação estatística dos dados das medidas externas do Grupo I revelou que nenhum dos parâmetros apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. O tratamento estatístico das medidas externas do Grupo II mostrou diferença significativa na espessura da parede dos cascos dos dedos III (MTE3) e IV (MTE4) do membro torácico esquerdo, na largura da sola dos cascos dos dedos III (MPD3 e MPE3) e IV (MPD4 e MPE4) dos membros pélvicos direito e esquerdo e na espessura do bulbo dos cascos dos dedos III (MPE3) e IV (MPE4) do membro pélvico esquerdo. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIt has been evaluated morphometrically, with the aid of eletronic caliper (Starrett® 799) the dimensions of the wall, sole and bulb claw; III and IV digits of the pelvic and thoracic, right and left feet of crossbred nellore male (Group I) and female (Group II). The statistical analysis of external data from group I found that none of the parameters demonstrate a statistical difference. The statistical analysis of external measure of group II demonstrated a significant difference in the thickness of the claw wall thickness of digit III (LFL3) and (LFL4) from left forelimb, width of the sole of the digit III (RHL3 and LHL3) and IV (RHL4 and LHL4) of the right and left hindlimb, and thickness of the bulb of digit III (LHL3) and (LHL4) of left hindlimb from group II animals

Correction of a lunar-irradiance model for aerosol optical depth retrieval and comparison with a star photometer

The emergence of Moon photometers is allowing measurements of lunar irradiance over the world and increasing the potential to derive aerosol optical depth (AOD) at night-time, which is very important in polar areas. Actually, new photometers implement the latest technological advances that permit lunar-irradiance measurements together with classical Sun photometry measurements. However, a proper use of these instruments for AOD retrieval requires accurate time-dependent knowledge of the extraterrestrial lunar irradiance over time due to its fast change throughout the Moon's cycle. This paper uses the RIMO (ROLO Implementation for Moon's Observation) model (an implementation of the ROLO – RObotic Lunar Observatory – model) to estimate the AOD at night-time assuming that the calibration of the solar channels can be transferred to the Moon by a vicarious method. However, the obtained AOD values using a Cimel CE318-T Sun–sky–Moon photometer for 98 pristine nights with low and stable AOD at the Izaña Observatory (Tenerife, Spain) are not in agreement with the expected (low and stable) AOD values estimated by linear interpolations from daytime values obtained during the previous evening and the following morning. Actually, AOD calculated using RIMO shows negative values and with a marked cycle dependent on the optical air mass. The differences between the AOD obtained using RIMO and the expected values are assumed to be associated with inaccuracies in the RIMO model, and these differences are used to calculate the RIMO correction factor (RCF). The RCF is a proposed correction factor that, multiplied by the RIMO value, gives an effective extraterrestrial lunar irradiance that provides AOD closer to the expected values. The RCF varies with the Moon phase angle (MPA) and with wavelength, ranging from 1.01 to 1.14, which reveals an overall underestimation of RIMO compared to the lunar irradiance. These obtained RCF values are modelled for each photometer wavelength to a second-order polynomial as a function of MPA. The AOD derived by this proposed method is compared with the independent AOD measurements obtained by a star photometer at Granada (Spain) for 2 years. The mean of the Moon–star AOD differences is between −0.015 and −0.005, and the standard deviation (SD) is between 0.03 and 0.04 (which is reduced to about 0.01 if 1 month of data affected by instrumental issues is not included in the analysis) for 440, 500, 675, and 870 nm; however, for 380 nm, the mean and standard deviation of these differences are higher. The Moon–star AOD differences are also analysed as a function of MPA, showing no significant dependence.This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant no. RTI2018-097864-b-I00); the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant nos. CGL2016-81092-R and CGL2017-90884-REDT); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. ACTRIS IMP 871115); and the Andalusia Regional Government (grant no. P18-RT-3820)

EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO NO BRASIL: UMA BREVE REFLEXÃO SOBRE A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO MST

This article aims to analyze the contributions of the Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST) in the construction of a proposal for Rural Education that meets the interests of subjects living in the countryside, mainly through the struggle for the construction of public schools in Settlements Agrarian Reform and the implementation of national public policies for Rural Education. This article is methodologically characterized as a theoretical approach, inscribing itself in the references of dialectical analysis and discourse analysis, using the classic and widely referenced bibliography. As a result, a direct relationship was perceived between the struggle of the MST and the growth and advances of Rural Education in Brazil. Throughout the process, the importance of the MST was perceived, articulated with other social movements in the countryside, and of its actions for the construction of public policies aimed at rural schools and training centers, committed to the affirmation of a social project that seeks development and quality of life, valuing the identity and culture of peasants through liberating education.Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las contribuciones del Movimiento de Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra (MST) en la construcción de una propuesta de Educación Rural que satisfaga los intereses de los sujetos que viven en el campo, principalmente a través de la lucha por la construcción de escuelas públicas en los Asentamientos. Reforma Agraria y la implementación de políticas públicas nacionales para la Educación Rural. Este artículo se caracteriza metodológicamente como un enfoque teórico, inscribiéndose en las referencias del análisis dialéctico y el análisis del discurso, utilizando la bibliografía clásica y ampliamente referenciada. Como resultado, se percibió una relación directa entre la lucha del MST y el crecimiento y los avances de la Educación Rural en Brasil. A lo largo del proceso, se percibió la importancia del MST, articulado con otros movimientos sociales en el campo, y de sus acciones para la construcción de políticas públicas dirigidas a escuelas rurales y centros de capacitación, comprometidos con la afirmación de un proyecto social que busca el desarrollo. y calidad de vida, valorando la identidad y cultura de los campesinos a través de una educación liberadora.Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as contribuições do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) na construção de uma proposta de Educação do Campo que atenda aos interesses dos sujeitos que vivem no campo, principalmente por meio da luta pela construção de escolas públicas em Assentamentos de Reforma Agrária e pela implementação de políticas públicas nacionais para Educação do Campo. Este artigo caracteriza-se metodologicamente como abordagem teórica, inscrevendo-se nos referencias da análise dialética e da análise do discurso, recorrendo à bibliografia clássica e amplamente referenciada. Como resultados, percebeu-se uma relação direta entre a luta do MST e o crescimento e avanços da Educação do Campo no Brasil. Durante todo o processo percebeu- se a importância do MST, articulado com outros movimentos sociais do campo, e de suas ações para construção das políticas públicas voltadas para escolas do campo e centros de formação, comprometidas com a afirmação de um projeto social que busque desenvolvimento e qualidade de vida, valorizando a identidade e a cultura dos camponeses através de uma educação libertadora

Aerosol optical depth retrievals at the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory from 1941 to 2013 by using artificial neural networks

This paper presents the reconstruction of a 73-year time series of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm at the subtropical high-mountain Izaña Atmospheric Observatory (IZO) located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). For this purpose, we have combined AOD estimates from artificial neural networks (ANNs) from 1941 to 2001 and AOD measurements directly obtained with a Precision Filter Radiometer (PFR) between 2003 and 2013. The analysis is limited to summer months (July–August–September), when the largest aerosol load is observed at IZO (Saharan mineral dust particles). The ANN AOD time series has been comprehensively validated against coincident AOD measurements performed with a solar spectrometer Mark-I (1984–2009) and AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) CIMEL photometers (2004–2009) at IZO, obtaining a rather good agreement on a daily basis: Pearson coefficient, R, of 0.97 between AERONET and ANN AOD, and 0.93 between Mark-I and ANN AOD estimates. In addition, we have analysed the long-term consistency between ANN AOD time series and long-term meteorological records identifying Saharan mineral dust events at IZO (synoptical observations and local wind records). Both analyses provide consistent results, with correlations  >  85 %. Therefore, we can conclude that the reconstructed AOD time series captures well the AOD variations and dust-laden Saharan air mass outbreaks on short-term and long-term timescales and, thus, it is suitable to be used in climate analysis.The AERONET Cimel sun photometer at Izaña has been calibrated by AERONET-EUROPE Calibration Service, financed by the Aerosol Cloud and TRace gas InfraStructure (ACTRIS) European Research Infrastructure Action (FP7/2007-2013 no. 262254). Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and from the “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (FEDER) for project CGL2012-33576 is gratefully acknowledged