Diseño y desarrollo de un laboratorio virtual de aplicaciones industriales con láser

El objetivo de este trabajo es el diseño y desarrollo de un laboratorio virtual de aplicaciones industriales de los láseres de potencia. La posibilidad de utilizar modelos de simulación con una determinada gestión del conocimiento para facilitar la realización de experimentos prácticos en asignaturas relacionadas con las aplicaciones industriales del láser, así como para el adiestramiento del cuadro técnico de estos sistemas puede ser muy ventajoso con vistas a la reducción del tiempo, recursos y coste del entrenamiento. Si estos modelos son accesibles a través de internet la ventaja se multiplica, ya que esta característica flexibiliza el procedimiento de aprendizaje al eliminar las restricciones espacio-temporales del proceso de instrucción haciendo posible y facilitando su uso tanto en asignaturas de titulaciones oficiales de impartidas en la ETSII-UPM como en la colaboración en la formación técnica entre organizaciones punteras del área de la tecnología láser de diferentes países

Occupational risk factors for shoulder chronic tendinous pathology in the Spanish automotive manufacturing sector: a casecontrol study

Background Musculoskeletal Diseases (MSDs) are among the most prevalent health problems encountered in the workforce in Europe. Multiple risk factors contribute to their onset. In the present study, different individual risk factors for chronic tendinous pathology affecting the shoulder were analysed in a sample of workers from the automotive manufacturing sector. Methods An observational retrospective study was conducted with 73 cases of officially recognised and compensated occupational diseases and 94 aleatory cases of healthy workers from the same car assembly company. The experimental group comprised individuals with tendinous chronic pathology of the rotator cuff. Multiple variables that identified the risks present in the job were assessed along with participants clinical evaluation. Furthermore, two standardised guidelines for risk factors assessment were also used: the Spanish National Institute of Social Security (INSS) and the American Occupational Information Network (O*Net). Both descriptive statistical analysis and Odds ratios calculations considering the occupational disease as a dependent variable were performed. Results The use of hand tools, exposure to mechanical pressure in the upper limbs and awkward postures were the most prevalent risk factors. Pressure on the palm of the hand and the hand tool impacting the hand were also important risk factors. Some psychosocial factors such as lack of autonomy and mental workload were also associated shoulder tendinous diseases. The association of age, load handling, and awkward postures were the core risk factors responsible for most of the tendinous chronic injuries of the shoulder in this sample of car assembly workers. Conclusions Both ergonomic and psychosocial factors were present and increased the risk of developing occupational chronic tendinopathies at the shoulder in this sample of workers. Aging, load handling, and awkward postures showed the strongest predictive values. Greater knowledge of how risk factors interact would facilitate the design of better preventive workplace strategies.Medicin

Numerical Thermo-Mechanical Modelling Of Stress Fields and Residual Constraints in Metallic Targets Subject To Laser Shock Processing

In the analysis of the thermomechanical behaviour of the target material subject to Laser Shock Processing (LSP), most of the simplified models used for the analysis of its residual shocked state rely on rather simple estimations or material response equations that rarely take into account a detailed description of the material subject to a simultaneous dynamic compression and either deformation-induced or plasma-driven thermal heating. The calculational system developed by the authors (SHOCKLAS) includes a coupled analysis of the pressure wave applied to the target material as a result of the plasma buildup following laser interaction and the shock wave propagation into the solid material with specific consideration of the material response to thermal and mechanical alterations induced by the propagating wave itself (i.e. effects as elastic-plastic deformation, changes in elastic constants, etc.). The model is applicable to the typical behaviour shown by the different materials through their dynamic strain-stress relations. In the present paper, the key features and several typical results of the developed SHOCKLAS calculational system are presented. In particular, the application of the model to the realistic simulation (full 3D dependence, non linear material behaviour, thermal and mechanical effects, treatment over extended surfaces) of LSP treatments in the experimental conditions of the irradiation facility used by the authors is presente

Scientific and Technological Issues on the Application of High Intensity Lasers to Material Properties Modification: The case of Laser Shock Processing of Metallic Alloys

Laser Shock Processing (LSP) has been practically demonstrated as a technique allowing the effective induction of residual stresses fields in metallic materials allowing a high degree of surface material protection. Experimental results obtained with commercial Q-switched lasers prove complete feasibility at laboratory scale. Depending on initial material mechanicla properties, the remaining residual stresses fields can can reach depths and maximun values providing an effectively enhanced behaviour of materials against fatigue crack propagation, abrasive wear, chemical corrosion and other failure conditions. This makes the technique specially suitable and competitive with presently use techniques for the treatment of heavy duty components in the aeronautical, nuclear an automotive industries. However, according to the inherent difficulty for prediction of the shock waves generation (plasma) and evolution in treatedmaterials, the practical implementation of LSP processes needs an effective predictive assessment capability. A physically comprehensive calculational tool (SHOCKLAS) has been developed able to sistematically study LSP processe

A bright radio HH object with large proper motions in the massive star-forming region W75N

We analyze radio continuum and line observations from the archives of the Very Large Array, as well as X-ray observations from the \emph{Chandra} archive of the region of massive star formation W75N. Five radio continuum sources are detected: VLA 1, VLA 2, VLA 3, Bc, and VLA 4. VLA 3 appears to be a radio jet; we detect J=1-0, v=0 SiO emission towards it, probably tracing the inner parts of a molecular outflow. The radio continuum source Bc, previously believed to be tracing an independent star, is found to exhibit important changes in total flux density, morphology, and position. These results suggest that source Bc is actually a radio Herbig-Haro object, one of the brightest known, powered by the VLA~3 jet source. VLA 4 is a new radio continuum component, located a few arcsec to the south of the group of previously known radio sources. Strong and broad (1,1) and (2,2) ammonia emission is detected from the region containing the radio sources VLA~1, VLA~2, and VLA~3. Finally, the 2-10 keV emission seen in the \emph{Chandra}/ACIS image shows two regions that could be the termination shocks of the outflows from the multiple sources observed in W75N.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figure

Optimización de Procesos de Inducción de Tensiones Residuales en Compresión en Materiales Metálicos por Ondas de Choque Generadas por Láser

El tratamiento superficial mediante ondas de choque generadas por láser (LSP) se basa en la aplicación de un pulso láser de alta intensidad (I > 1 GW/cm2; / < 50 ns) en la superficie de un blanco metálico provocando la vaporización súbita de su superficie y su conversión en un plasma de alta temperatura y densidad que induce la propagación de una onda de choque en el blanco. El resultado característico del tratamiento consiste en la inducción de un campo de tensiones residuales de compresión en profundidad y que mejoran el comportamiento de la pieza tratada. En este artículo, se presenta un modelo que permite estudiar la influencia de los distintos parámetros del proceso (irradiancia, radio de la superficie de interacción, duración del pulso, solapamiento entre pulsos distintos, ...). Laser Shock Processing (LSP) is based on the application of a high intensity pulsed Laser beam (I > 1 GW/cm2; / < 50 ns) on a metallic target forcing a sudden vaporization of its surface into a high temperature and density plasma that immediately develops inducing a shock wave propagating into the material. The main acknowledged advantages of LSP consist on its capability of inducing a relatively deep compression residual stresses field into metallic alloy pieces allowing an improved mechanical behaviour. In this paper, a model that allows the study of the effect of the main parameters of the process (laser intensity, spot radius, pulse length, overlapping of shots, ...) is presented

Instrumento para Evaluar la Cohesión Social en Universidades Mexicanas: Resultados de la Validación Cultural UNIVECS-MX

El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un instrumento para evaluar la cohesión social en universidades mexicanas. A partir del modelo de evaluación UNIVECS validado en el contexto español, se realiza una adaptación y validación cultural en México; desarrollando un juicio de expertos con nueve profesionales del área de Antropología, Lingüística, Pedagogía, Psicología y Sociología, un jueceo con 51 docentes en educación superior, cuatro grupos de validación de reactivos entre tres universidades con 42 docentes, y un grupo de validación con diez estudiantes universitarios. Todo ello, en función de cuatro criterios de valoración cuantitativa y cualitativa: pertinencia, claridad, factibilidad y ausencia de sesgos lingüísticos, culturales, organizacionales y de género. A partir de los resultados y propuestas de mejora se obtiene un paquete de reactivos validados en torno a ocho dimensiones de análisis de la cohesión social en educación superior: Sostenibilidad, Bienestar Social, Inclusión, Autonomía Personal, Sentido de Pertenencia, Confianza, Movilidad Social y Responsabilidad Social. Los resultados posibilitan y concluyen un instrumento de evaluación pertinente, claro, factible y libre de sesgos. UNIVECS-MX se ofrece a las instituciones mexicanas para poder identificar en sus licenciaturas la cohesión social y poder realizar diagnósticos institucionales de cada dimensión propuesta, así como seguir realizando investigaciones socio-educativas

In Silico Study of Coumarins and Quinolines Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

The pandemic that started in Wuhan (China) in 2019 has caused a large number of deaths, and infected people around the world due to the absence of effective therapy against coronavirus 2 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Viral maturation requires the activity of the main viral protease (Mpro), so its inhibition stops the progress of the disease. To evaluate possible inhibitors, a computational model of the SARS-CoV-2 enzyme Mpro was constructed in complex with 26 synthetic ligands derived from coumarins and quinolines. Analysis of simulations of molecular dynamics and molecular docking of the models show a high affinity for the enzyme (∆Ebinding between −5.1 and 7.1 kcal mol−1). The six compounds with the highest affinity show Kd between 6.26 × 10–6 and 17.2 × 10–6, with binding affinity between −20 and −25 kcal mol−1, with ligand efficiency less than 0.3 associated with possible inhibitory candidates. In addition to the high affinity of these compounds for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, low toxicity is expected considering the Lipinski, Veber and Pfizer rules. Therefore, this novel study provides candidate inhibitors that would allow experimental studies which can lead to the development of new treatments for SARS-CoV-2The authors express their thanks to Grant RC-FP44842-212-2018 Colombia científica and Universidad de Ibagué and for the financial support of the ANID/PIA/ACT192144. OG-B Thank funding from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism, and ICETEX, Programme Ecosistema Científico-Colombia Científica, from the Francisco José de Caldas Fund, Grant RC-FP44842–212-2018S

Sostenibilidad social, económica y ambiental del tratamiento de aguas residuales con bacterias del rumen

La sostenibilidad social, económica y ambiental &nbsp;del aprovechamiento del potencial de los residuos de camal (rumen) para el tratamiento de aguas residuales se centró en &nbsp;el análisis social en torno al área de desarrollo de las descargas de agua residual de la&nbsp; industria quesera San José y el líquido ruminal como residuo poco aprovechado proveniente del camal municipal de la ciudad de Riobamba. El estudio se realizó en dirección de dos ejes: el primero, correspondiente al estudio de los conflictos socio ambientales derivados de la disposición final de las aguas residuales de una quesera con análisis del costo- beneficio social, el segundo eje relacionado con las pruebas de crecimiento y adaptabilidad de bacterias lipolíticas del rumen de vaca para tratamiento de aceites y grasas en aguas residuales. El estudio de los conflictos socio ambientales se realizó a través de un diagnóstico línea base entorno de la quesera empleando las herramientas de análisis de conflictos desde diferentes perspectivas formando una plataforma para el diseño de estrategias de transformación. Se analizó la eficiencia de las bacterias lipolíticas del líquido ruminal de vaca aislándolas en agar tributirina. La concentración de aceites y grasas de las aguas residuales de la quesera disminuyó en un 52% cumpliendo con la normativa ambiental vigente para descargas de agua, resultado que determinó &nbsp;que el &nbsp;tratamiento empleado &nbsp;de bajo costo aprovechó la potencialidad de un residuo municipal generado en grandes volúmenes e impulsó las prácticas de producción limpia dentro de la microempresa