Saint Francis and his time. Charisma and obedience

En los siglos XII y XIII, frente a la idea oscurantista que el romanticismo se empeñó en propagar, la Edad Media tuvo su momento de máximo esplendor, coincidiendo con profundas transformaciones sociales, políticas, culturales y religiosas. En gran medida anuncian los tiempos nuevos que se avecinan en el Renacimiento, anticipado sobre todo en Italia. Es la época en la que, frente al poder feudal, empiezan a acometerse procesos de centralización de los estados. Esto, junto a unos más eficaces métodos de producción agrícola, incidió decisivamente en un modo distinto de relaciones económicas: aparece, con el comercio, la burguesía como clase social distinta, activa y emprendedora que frente a una economía feudal de intercambio, usa el dinero y la actividad bancaria como mecanismos para generar riqueza. En esta época aparece la letra de cambio. La burguesía, agrupada en gremios, cofradías o artes para defender sus intereses, empieza a tener protagonismo en la vida política de la ciudad. El impulso para abrir fronteras a la economía fue hecho posible por la aparición de nuevos medios para la navegación. Es la época en que comienzan los grandes viajes que interconectarán culturas y economías.In the 12th and 13th centuries, despite the obscurantist idea that Romanticism spread, the Middle Ages had its greatest splendour, coinciding with profound social, political, cultural and religious transformations. These centuries largely herald the new times that lie ahead in the Renaissance, especially anticipated in Italy. This is the time when, facing the feudal power, processes of state centralisation begin to be undertaken. This, together with more effective methods of agricultural production, had a decisive influence on different ways of economic relations: the bourgeoisie appears with commerce as a distinct, active and enterprising social class that, facing a feudal economy based on exchange, uses money and banking activities as mechanisms to generate wealth. At this time the bill of exchange appears. The bourgeoisie, grouped in guilds, associations or arts to defend their interests, begins to play a leading role in the political life of the city. The drive to open up boundaries to economy was made possible by the emergence of new means of navigation. It is the time when the great journeys that will interconnect cultures and economies begin.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Culture collections and biochemistry

This review describes the relationships and links between culture collections, which act as sources of genomes, transcriptomes, proteome, and metabolomes, and fields of research biochemistry that demand their support and help. In addition, the invaluable but not always rewarded efforts of these organizations as a source and conservator of organism diversity is discussed. Biological waste-water treatment, ethanol as a non-finite source of energy, Rhodococcus fascians as the source of a citrus-juice debittering agent, the sporulation of filamentous fungi in liquid medium, and biotransformation with growing and resting cells are processes developed by the authors that demonstrate some of the applications of organisms from culture collections in the general field of biotechnology and related areas, including industrial biochemistry and biocatalytic synthesis

Periodicity and chaos on a modified Samuelson model

Several discrete time nonlinear growth models with complicated dynamical behavior have been introduced in the literature. In this paper we propuse a modified Samuelson model and we study its dynamical behavior depending on several parameters, which turn out to be the same as the logistic family. Moreover in the base situation the dynamical behavior only depends on the initial values of supply and demand

Estudio técnico y económico de una instalación solar fotovoltaica conectada a red de una vivienda unifamiliar situada en Monteagudo

[VA] En aquest treball es presenta l'estudi d'una instal·lació solar fotovoltaica d'un habitatge unifamiliar que estarà connectada a xarxa en la localitat de Monteagudo (Múrcia). Amb la finalitat d'aconseguir un dimensionament adequat a l'habitatge es realitzarà un estudi dels consums del propi habitatge per a així determinar el nombre de panells, inversor, proteccions elèctriques i altres components que tindrà la instal·lació fotovoltaica, tenint en compte en tot moment la normativa vigent, així com altres justificacions tècniques de la instal·lació i el pressupost corresponent.[ES] En este trabajo se presenta el estudio de una instalación solar fotovoltaica de una vivienda unifamiliar que estará conectada a red en la localidad de Monteagudo (Murcia). Con el fin de conseguir un dimensionado adecuado a la vivienda se realizará un estudio de los consumos de la propia vivienda para así determinar el número de paneles, inversor, protecciones eléctricas y demás componentes que tendrá la instalación fotovoltaica, teniendo en cuenta en todo momento la normativa vigente, así como otras justificaciones técnicas de la instalación y el presupuesto correspondiente.[EN] This work presents the study of a solar photovoltaic installation for a single-family house that will be connected to the grid in the town of Monteagudo (Murcia). In order to achieve a suitable sizing for the house, a study of the consumption of the house itself will be carried out to determine the number of panels, inverter, electrical protections and other components that the photovoltaic installation will have, taking into account at all times the current regulations, as well as other technical justifications of the installation and the corresponding budget.Ros Cánovas, J. (2021). Estudio técnico y económico de una instalación solar fotovoltaica conectada a red de una vivienda unifamiliar situada en Monteagudo. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/170636TFG

On topological sequence entropy of circle maps

[EN] We classify completely continuous circle maps from the point of view of topological sequence entropy. This improves a result of Roman Hric.This paper has been partially supported by the grant D.G.I.C.Y.T. PB98-0374-C03-01Cánovas, JS. (2001). On topological sequence entropy of circle maps. Applied General Topology. 2(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2001.3010SWORD172

The Cournot-Theocharis Problem Reconsidered

In 1959 Theocharis [10] showed that with linear demand and constant marginal costs Cournot equilibrium is destabilized when the competitors become more than three. With three competitors the Cournot equilibrium point becomes neutrally stable, so, even then, any perturbation throws the system into an endless oscillation. Theocharis's argument was in fact proposed already in 1939 by Palander [4]. None of these authors considered the global dynamics of the system, which necessarily becomes nonlinear when consideration is taken of the facts that prices, supply quantities, and profits of active firms cannot be negative. In the present paper we address the global dynamics.The authors 1 and 3 are partially supported by the grant FS 00684/PI/04 from Fundación Séneca (Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia, Spain

Production of L-carnitine by secondary metabolism of bacteria

The increasing commercial demand for L-carnitine has led to a multiplication of efforts to improve its production with bacteria. The use of different cell environments, such as growing, resting, permeabilized, dried, osmotically stressed, freely suspended and immobilized cells, to maintain enzymes sufficiently active for L-carnitine production is discussed in the text. The different cell states of enterobacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Proteus sp., which can be used to produce L-carnitine from crotonobetaine or D-carnitine as substrate, are analyzed. Moreover, the combined application of both bioprocess and metabolic engineering has allowed a deeper understanding of the main factors controlling the production process, such as energy depletion and the alteration of the acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio which are coupled to the end of the biotransformation. Furthermore, the profiles of key central metabolic activities such as the TCA cycle, the glyoxylate shunt and the acetate metabolism are seen to be closely interrelated and affect the biotransformation efficiency. Although genetically modified strains have been obtained, new strain improvement strategies are still needed, especially in Escherichia coli as a model organism for molecular biology studies. This review aims to summarize and update the state of the art in L-carnitine production using E. coli and Proteus sp, emphasizing the importance of proper reactor design and operation strategies, together with metabolic engineering aspects and the need for feed-back between wet and in silico work to optimize this biotransformation

Eczema de contacto alérgico y profesional en una consulta dermatológica. Mallorca, 1996-2001

Presentamos el estudio descriptivo de una serie de pacientes afectos de dermatitis o eczema, usualmente del tipo alérgico de contacto, confirmado mediante las pruebas epicutáneas correspondientes (patchtest) realizadas entre enero de 1996 y marzo de 2001 en nuestras consultas dermatológicas. De 190 tests alérgicos practicados a 121 mujeres y 69 varones, 133 resultaron positivos; los restantes (57) fueron negativos por tratarse de dermatitis no alérgicas o ser de causa desconocida. La mayor parte de los pacientes contaban entre 20 y 49 años de edad. Las reacciones alérgicas más frecuentes fueron, por orden de frecuencia, al cobalto, al níquel y al cromo. Analizamos, además, los aspectos de interés médico del resto de alérgenos