Ultrasonic Characterization and online monitoring of pork meat dry salting process

[EN] Bearing in mind the highly variable salt content in dry-cured meat products with anatomical integrity, such as pork loin or ham, non-destructive salt content characterization and the online monitoring of dry salting are highly relevant for industrial purposes. This study explores the ability of low-intensity ultrasound to monitor the dry salting of pork Biceps femoris (BF) and Longissimus dorsi (LD) online, as well as to estimate the salt content, both in these muscles and in hams. For this purpose, meat samples were dry salted for up to 16 d at 2 C. During the salting of the muscles, the ultrasonic velocity was continuously measured at time intervals of 5 min, while in the hams it was measured before and after salting. The ultrasonic velocity increased progressively during the salting due to salt gain and water loss, reaching a velocity variation (DV) of 46.8 m/s after 16 d of dry salting for hams and 59.5 and 30.6 m/s after 48 h of dry salting for LD and BF, respectively. Accurate correlations between salt gain and DV were obtained (R2 ¿ 0.903 in LD-BF muscles and R2 ¿ 0.758 in hams), which allowed the assessment of the salt content with an average estimation error of 0.4% w.b. for both muscles and hams. Further research should investigate the use of the time of flight obtained through the pulse-echo mode, instead of the ultrasonic velocity, in order to improve the industrial applicabiliThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF 2014-2020) (contract n. RTA2013-00030-C03-02), by the PROMETEOII\2014\005 and by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) through the FPI grant awarded to Marta de Prados (SP-1.2011-S1-2757).De Prados, M.; García Pérez, JV.; Benedito Fort, JJ. (2016). Ultrasonic Characterization and online monitoring of pork meat dry salting process. Food Control. 60:646-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.009S6466556

World Wide Web e a publicidade digital. Um exame da situação da comunicação publicitária na Internet brasileira

Maior rede de computadores de todo o planeta, a Internet nasceu como plataforma de uso exclusivo de organizações governamentais, instituições de pesquisa e universidades...Maior rede de computadores de todo o planeta, a Internet nasceu como plataforma de uso exclusivo de organizações governamentais, instituições de pesquisa e universidades..

A indústria da propaganda pede um novo perfil de profissional

This article brings back, briefly, the incipient appearance and the subsequent development and consolidation of the Brazilian advertising industry, which, nowadays, is experiencing great changes from new and growing professional and market demands. With this reality, some challenges to be faced by the courses of Social Communication, in the Publicity and Advertising major, are presented. These challenges include trying to converge and contemplate, in their pedagogic proposals and in the formulation of the professional's profile, the new demands related to its importance as tool for the construction of brands, to the cultural nature of advertising and to the appearance of new technologies and means of advertising communication.En este artículo se rescata, de forma sucinta, el surgimiento incipiente y el posterior desarrollo y consolidación de la industria brasileña de publicidad, que, en la actualidad, vuelve a probar grandes cambios provenientes de las nuevas y crecientes demandas profesionales y de mercado. Delante de esta realidad, se presentan algunos retos que serán enfrentados por los cursos de comunicación social, en la habilitación de Publicidad y Propaganda, buscando converger y reflejar, en sus propuestas pedagógicas y en la formulación del perfil del profesional, las nuevas exigencias relacionadas a su importancia como herramienta para la construcción de marcas, a la naturaleza cultural de la publicidad y al surgimiento de nuevas tecnologías y medios de comunicación publicitaria.Este artigo resgata, de maneira sucinta, o surgimento incipiente e o posterior desenvolvimento e a consolidação da indústria brasileira de propaganda, que, nos dias atuais, volta a experimentar grandes mudanças provenientes das novas e crescentes demandas profissionais e de mercado. Em face a esta realidade, são apresentados alguns desafios a serem enfrentados pelos cursos de Comunicação Social, na habilitação em Publicidade e Propaganda, com vistas a procurar convergir e refletir, em suas propostas pedagógicas e na formulação do perfil do profissional, as novas exigências relacionadas com a sua importância como ferramenta para construção de marcas, com a natureza cultural da publicidade e com o surgimento de novas tecnologias e meios de comunicação publicitária

Publicidade como ferramenta para promoção de commodities agrícolas

This article shows that like their brand counterparts, generic advertising programs do have an important role for the rural producer by promoting commodities groups. By the way, a better understanding of the purposes and uses of commodity advertising can yield benefits to the producers who fund the programs as well as the processors and consumers of the commodity.Este artículo muestra que los programas de publicidad genérica pueden tener papel importante para el productor rural promoviendo los productos agrícolas y pecuarios sin marca. Poco conocida en Brasil, la publicidad genérica es de gran utilidad por permitir acciones cooperadas de los productores para actuar en el marketing de sus productos.Este artigo discute os propósitos e usos da publicidade genérica como ferramenta para a promoção de commodities agrícolas. Ainda incipiente no Brasil, a publicidade de commodity deve ser mais bem conhecida pelas suas possibilidades de permitir ações cooperadas dos produtores para uma atuação mais direta no marketing dos seus produtos

VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE, CONTEXT AND READING COMPREHENSION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Vocabulary knowledge can be as important as the skill of using context for interpreting meaning and this process and the teaching tools for vocabulary teaching also can lead students to enhance such skills. These contextual clues are necessary to be applied through some specific activities aimed at discovering the meaning of unknown words. Nevertheless, it is assumed that not only lexical knowledge but also a great variety of reading strategies and activities are crucial in this process making students to reflect about their own knowledge. Students can be taught to be more active as they read in the sense of applying a variety of comprehension strategies like the ones that skilled readers report as they read. Thus comprehension can, in fact, be improved construing the meaning as a whole. Some debates have been focused on whole language and researchers continually try to improve learning and teaching to meet students’ needs.  There is a lack of consistency of research findings in the area of second language reading processes, in contrast with the fast growth and the huge diversity of the English language learning population.O conhecimento de vocabulário pode ser tão importante como a habilidade de se utilizar o contexto para interpretar o significado, e esse processo, e as ferramentas de ensino no ensino de vocabulário podem levar os aprendizes a melhorar tais habilidades. Essas pistas contextuais são necessárias serem aplicadas através de atividades específicas focadas na descoberta do significado das palavras desconhecidas. No entanto, presume-se que não somente o conhecimento lexical, mas também uma vasta gama de estratégias de leitura e de atividades é crucial nesse processo para que os aprendizes utilizem-se de seu próprio conhecimento. Aprendizes podem ser ensinados a serem mais ativos na leitura, no sentido de aplicar uma variedade de estratégias de compreensão, tal como os leitores mais habilidosos fazem. Assim, a compreensão pode, de fato, ser ampliada na construção do significado como um todo. Alguns debates têm sido focados na língua como um todo e pesquisadores continuamente tentam melhorar a aquisição e o ensino para atender as necessidades dos aprendizes. Há uma falta de consistência nas descobertas das pesquisas no campo do processo de leitura de uma segunda-língua, em contraste com o crescimento rápido e a grande diversidade das pessoas que aprendem a língua inglesa

RELACIONAMENTO INTERPESSOAL E A PROGRAMAÇÃO NEUROLINGÜÍSTICA (PNL)

Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) was researched and developed in 1970 by the linguistic John Grinder and the statistic Richard Blander. Its use comes from the existence of the human being. NLP is inserted in many sciences of the human being knowledge, such as: psychology, sociology, linguistics and semiology, the latter, is the theory of the signs. NLP has six basic principles, which are known as its stakes: It is related to the persons, their emotions and levels of abilities. People can be more aware of the things they do through the NLP. Its theories and principles are based on the persons’ systems of beliefs, ideas and values. Rapport, which is essential for a good interaction and communication, has to do with the relationship quality which outcomes are: confidence, responsibility, more attention and respect. Results in NLP have to do with a kind of either task or action you do to accomplish it, being much more aware of planning some strategies to reach the goals. Feedback can show how you are achieving what you want. What makes sense or not, what is coherent and what are the clues to follow the directions. Flexibility – if what you are doing it is not working, do something else differently. Review your options, your emotions, style of communication and perspective to improve the results. NLP is a set of strategies and techniques of communication, expression and effective relationship, which provide an excellent harmony, in the relationship among people. This science helps understand better the structure of our feelings and thoughts. Through these strategies and techniques it is possible to reorganize our comprehension and manners of thinking. Thus we can improve and keep in control our way of life, feelings, attitudes and relationships. Finally NLP works when you can change what other people feel, changing a mental and physical state through communication and expression.A Programação Neurolingüística foi pesquisada e desenvolvida por dois americanos, um lingüista, John Grínder, e um estatístico, Richard Bandler em 1970, mas a sua utilização remonta a existência do ser humano. A PNL está inserida em diversas ciências do conhecimento humano: a psicologia, a sociologia, a comunicação e dentro dela a semiologia - que é a teoria dos signos - entre outras. É uma programação, porque revela como seqüenciados nossas ações para atingirmos um alvo. É um modelo de comunicação e trata dos diversos programas que são estabelecidos na mente humana, a partir de estímulos percebidos, emanados do meio ambiente em que vive o homem. É neurológica, porque se relaciona com a mente e como pensamos. Porque se baseia nos registros desses estímulos no Sistema Nervoso Central – SNC, cérebro, cerebelo e medula espinhal. Ou ainda nos estímulos advindos de todos os neurônios que possuímos. É lingüística por basear-se principalmente no uso da linguagem e de como ela afeta o sistema de comunicação, de expressão e seus instrumentos de relacionamento interpessoal. Assim podemos dizer que Programação Neurolingüística é um conjunto de técnicas de comunicação, expressão e de relacionamento muito eficaz que propicia a excelência no trato com as pessoas nos ajudando a compreender melhor a estrutura do nosso pensamento. Com essa compreensão e com técnicas de PNL, podemos reestruturar as nossas formas de pensar, e por conseqüência, as formas de agir, melhorando e controlando, assim, nossos sentimentos, atitudes e relacionamentos. Ou seja, PNL é quando você muda o que a pessoa sente, alterando os estados físicos, mentais ou de sentimento por meio da comunicação e da expressão

THE GAP BETWEEN VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE AND READING COMPREHENSION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

O pressuposto de que a criança antes de ingressar na escola possui um conhecimento de vocabulário de 5000 a 7000 palavras  de sua língua materna leva-nos a supor quais seriam os fatores determinantes  com relação à aquisição de uma língua estrangeira. O aprendiz de uma língua estrangeira enfrentará um nível maior de dificuldades quanto menor for o seu conhecimento de vocabulário na língua alvo. A maioria dos alunos teve aulas de inglês no Ensino Fundamental, o conhecimento de vocabulário da língua estrangeira estudada desse aluno pode ainda não ser suficiente para atingir uma compreensão satisfatória da maioria dos textos principalmente em um nível superior de ensino. Logicamente levando-se em conta todo um contexto além dos programas trabalhados. A habilidade lingüística mais utilizada no Brasil é a da leitura, entendemos de que existe um espaço maior a ser preenchido nas pesquisas na área de leitura de línguas estrangeiras com relação às quantidades de pesquisas feitas no ensino da língua materna.Assuming that children present a vocabulary knowledge about 5000 to 7000 words of their mother tongue before they have instructions at school, leads us to suppose what would be the circumstances in relation to the acquisition of a foreign language. Learner can face as major complexity as lesser be his/her vocabulary knowledge in the target language. The majority of the students took English classes in the elementary schools, as a result it can be suppose that the amount of vocabulary knowledge may not be enough to reach a satisfactory reading comprehension of most of the texts in a higher education level. It is taking into account all of a background and the proposed programs as well. Reading can be considered the most used and necessary skill in Brazil, consequently it is assumed that there is a major gap to be achieved on foreign language reading researches in view of the amount of researches done on the native language

Bacteria From the Multi-Contaminated Tinto River Estuary (SW, Spain) Show High Multi-Resistance to Antibiotics and Point to Paenibacillus spp. as Antibiotic-Resistance-Dissemination Players

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an ever-increasing phenomenon that, besides clinical settings, is generally assumed to be prevalent in environmental soils and waters. The analysis of bacteria resistant to each one of 11 antibiotics in waters and sediments of the Huelva’s estuary, a multi-contaminated environment, showed high levels of bacteria resistant mainly to Tm, among others. To further gain knowledge on the fate of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in environmental bacteria, 579 ampicillin-resistant bacteria were isolated tested for resistance to 10 antibiotics. 92.7% of the isolates were resistant to four or more antibiotic classes, indicating a high level of multi-resistance. 143 resistance profiles were found. The isolates with different MDR profiles and/or colony morphologies were phylogenetically ascribed based on 16S rDNA to phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, including 48 genera. Putative intrinsic resistance was detected in different phylogenetic groups including genera Altererythrobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Erythrobacter, Mesonia, Ochrobactrum, and Ponticaulis. Correlation of the presence of pairs of the non-intrinsic-resistances in phylogenetic groups based on the kappa index (κ) highlighted the co-habitation of some of the tested pairs at different phylogenetic levels. Maximum correlation (κ = 1.000) was found for pairs CzR/TcR in Betaproteobacteria, and CcR/TcR and EmR/SmR in Sphingobacteriia at the class level, while at the genus level, was found for CcR/TcR and NxR/TmR in Mesonia, CzR/TmR and EmR/KmR in Paenibacillus, and CcR/EmR and RpR/TcR in Pseudomonas. These results could suggest the existence of intra-class and intra-genus-transmissible genetic elements containing determinants for both members of each pair. Network analysis based on κ values higher than 0.4 indicated the sharing of paired resistances among several genera, many of them centered on the Paenibacillus node and raising the hypothesis of inter-genera transmission of resistances interconnected through members of this genus. This is the first time that a possible hotspot of resistance interchange in a particular environment may have been detected, opening up the possibility that one, or a few, bacterial members of the community could be important promoters of antibiotic resistance (AR) dissemination in this environment’s bacterial population. Further studies using the available isolates will likely give insights of the possible mechanisms and genetic elements involvedBE-C was a doctorate fellow supported by the Spanish Agency for International Development and Cooperation (AECID) and the work presented here is in part from his Ph.D. thesis (Eduardo-Correia, 2016

Modelling of the inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pectin methylesterase in orange juice treated with ultrasonic-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide

[EN] The combined effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and high power ultrasound (HPU) on the inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pectin-methyl esterase (PME) in orange juice was studied in order to select models that can predict their inactivation behaviour based on process parameters. Experiments were performed at different temperatures (31-41 degrees C, 225 bar) and pressures (100-350 bar, 36 degrees C). The inactivation rate of E. coli, S. cerevisiae and PME increased with pressure and temperature during SC-CO2 + HPU treatments. The SC-CO2 + HPU inactivation kinetics of E. coli, S. cerevisiae and PME were represented by models that included temperature, pressure and treatment time as variables, based on the Biphasic, the Peleg Type B, and the fractional models, respectively. The HPU-assisted SC-CO2 batch system permits the use of mild process conditions and treatment times that can be even shorter than those of continuous SC-CO2 systems. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The authors acknowledge the financial support from project CSD2007-00016 (CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Madrid, Spain) and from project PROMETEO/2010/062 financed by the Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport, Valencia, Spain). The authors acknowledge the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the FPI grant given to Carmen Ortuno Cases and Dr. Emilia Matallana and Dr. Paula Alepuz for the generous gift of S. cerevisiae T73 and E.coli DH1 strains, respectively.Ortuño Cases, C.; Balaban, M.; Benedito Fort, JJ. (2014). Modelling of the inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pectin methylesterase in orange juice treated with ultrasonic-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 90:18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.03.004S18269