Atração de miracídios de Schistosoma mansoni por hospedeiros invertebrados: comportamento de miracídios frente a girinos de Hyla fuscovaria

Miracidia tropism to suitable hosts is a subject of much controversy. In this work, we try to determine the possible specificity of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia attraction and also the degree of this specificity. To this end an experiment was carried out to determine the probability of attraction in a given experimental set up, to H. fuscovaria girina or to one of two susceptible snail species. Two strains of S. mansoni were employed and also the corresponding snail species. A specially designed apparatus consisting of two circular glass chambers joined by an open channel was used. One of the girina or a snail was placed in one of the chambers (randomly chosen). In the channel a known number of miracidia were deposited and the count of miracidia in each of the three compartments (the two chambers and the channel) was recorded. The experiment was carried out under strong or subdued lighting. Statistical and ad-hoc exploratory data analysis have shown that: a) the miracidia, when exposed to only one species of snail, show more attraction to the sympatric snail host; b)one strain of miraciadia showed more attraction under strong lighting; the other strain behaved the opposite way, with stronger attraction under weak liht; c) the girina did not attract the miracidia; this seems to imply that sone chemiotropism is present in this phenomenon.Analisou-se a atração de miracídios de Schistosoma mansoni das linhagens BH e SJ frente a seus vetores simpátricos e alopátricos tendo-se em consideração a possibilidade da presença de substâncias quimiotáxicas emanadas dos moluscos. Estudou-se também o comportamento desses miracídios frente a girinos de Hyla fuscovaria. Foi verificado que houve atração dos miracídios pelos moluscos vetores e que essa atração foi mais evidente quando a larva era colocada frente ao seu hospedeiro simpátrico.As observações realizadas no decorrer da experiência demonstraram a presença de substâncias miraxonais emanadas pelos moluscos

Efficacy of instrumentation techniques and irrigation regimens in reducing the bacterial population within root canals

The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro intracanal bacterial reduction produced by using two instrumentation techniques and different irrigation methods. Root canals inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis were prepared by using the following techniques and irrigants: alternated rotary motions (ARM) technique, hand nickel-titanium files and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as irrigant; ARM technique and combined irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and citric acid; ARM technique and combined irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate; and Greater Taper rotary files, using 2.5% NaOCl as irrigant. Controls were instrumented by using the ARM technique and irrigated with sterile saline. Canals were sampled before and after preparation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto Mitis-Salivarius agar, and the colony forming units that were grown were counted. All test techniques and solutions significantly reduced the number of bacterial cells within the root canal (p 0.05). Nonetheless, all of them were significantly more effective than the control group (p < 0.05). These findings support the importance of using antimicrobial irrigants during the chemomechanical preparation, regardless of the solutions or instrumentation techniques used

Synthesis of a brassinosteroid analogue from vespertiline

In the last years, several research groups have been working on the synthesis of new steroidal plant hormones called brassinosteroids (BS), which promote plant growth and better crops. Many synthetic targets and applications of these compounds and their analogues have been described in the literature. From Solanum species of the Distrito Federal, we isolated the steroidal alkaloid solasodine, which was then converted into our starting material, vespertiline. By functionalization of rings A and B, we have synthesized a new analogue of BS, with a 2alpha,3alpha-dihydroxy-6-one structure, typical of the naturally occurring BS castasterone, the immediate biosynthetic precursor of brassinolide

Esquistossomose mansônica em camundongos experimentalmente subnutridos

Mansoni schistosomiasis was studied in mice fed on a low protein diet. Four groups of the Swiss breed Mus musculus were used in an experiment with two factors, each with two levels: 1-non-infected, normal diet; 2 - infected, normal diet ; 3 - non-infected, low protein diet; 4 - infected, low protein diet. The mice were killed for observation at age 90 days, after 60 days of infection, for those infected. It was found that the worms suffered the effects of malnutrition, mainly males, whose population count was cut by half, in addition to poor individual growth. The hepatic granuloma count was found to be smaller in the undernourished group; while the corresponding lesions were also generally smaller. There was a marked leukopenia in the malnourished mice, even more so in the infected mice. The severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia observed suggest that the immunologic system of the host was affected by malnutrition. Mortality rates were far larger in the infected, low protein diet group. One may then surmise that the malnourished mice offered lower resistance to the infection, their lower number of granuloma notwithstanding.Realizou-se estudo sobre o desenvolvimento da esquistossomose mansônica em camundongos submetidos à dieta hipoprotéica. Foram constituídos 4 grupos de Mus musculus "Swiss" da seguinte forma: 1) não infectados, normoprotéicos; 2) infectados, normoprotéicos; 3) não infectados, hipoprotéicos e 4) infectados, hipoprotéicos. Os animais foram sacrificados com 60 dias de infecção, aos 90 dias de idade. Verificou-se que os esquistossomos sofreram os efeitos da subnutrição do hospedeiro, principalmente os vermes machos, que além de terem seu desenvolvimento prejudicado, tiveram seu número reduzido aproximadamente pela metade. O número de granulomas foi menor nos roedores subnutridos e o tamanho da lesão foi reduzido. Houve acentuada leucopenia nos animais submetidos à dieta hipoprotéica, principalmente nos infectados subnutridos. A linfopenia e a eosinopenia acentuadas sugeriram que o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro foi afetado pela subnutrição. A taxa de mortalidade foi muito mais elevada nos animais infectados submetidos à dieta hipoprotéica. Concluiu-se que os camundongos subnutridos resistiram menos à infecção esquistossomótica apesar de terem apresentado menor número de lesões granulomatosas

The chemistry of Brazilian Lauraceae XLVI. Notes on Aniba species

Aniba affinis, A. cylindriflora and A. mas (Lauraceae) were found to contain respectively benzofuranoid (and a previously unknown bicyclo [3, 2, 1] octanoid) neolignans, 6-styryl-2-pyrones and 6-styryl-4-methoxy-2-pyrones.A madeira do tronco das espécies amazônicas Aniba affinis, A. cylindriflora e A. mas contém respectivamente neolignanas benzofuranoídicas (e uma biciclo [3, 2, 1] octanoídica previamente desconhecida), 6-estiril-2-pironas e 6-estiril-4-metoxi-2-pironas

Chitosan/mangiferin particles for Cr(VI) reduction and removal

AbstractIn this work, chitosan/mangiferin particles (CMP) were prepared by spray-drying technique and characterized by SEM, DLS, FTIR, HPLC–UV and adsorption studies to investigate a possible application as a preventive material in cases of human and animal contamination with Cr(VI). CMP presented sizes ranging from nano to micrometers. Chitosan and mangiferin (MA) presence in the powder was confirmed by FTIR and MA quantification (136μg/mg) was performed using a calibration curve prepared by HPLC–UV. Adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) onto CMP was compared with chitosan and investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration of adsorbent and pH. Cr(VI) removal is pH dependent and it was found to be maximum at pH 5.0. The results showed that CMP has a potential application as a preventive material in cases of human or animal contamination with Cr(VI)

MarinEye - A tool for marine monitoring

This work presents an autonomous system for marine integrated physical-chemical and biological monitoring – the MarinEye system. It comprises a set of sensors providing diverse and relevant information for oceanic environment characterization and marine biology studies. It is constituted by a physicalchemical water properties sensor suite, a water filtration and sampling system for DNA collection, a plankton imaging system and biomass assessment acoustic system. The MarinEye system has onboard computational and logging capabilities allowing it either for autonomous operation or for integration in other marine observing systems (such as Observatories or robotic vehicles. It was designed in order to collect integrated multi-trophic monitoring data. The validation in operational environment on 3 marine observatories: RAIA, BerlengasWatch and Cascais on the coast of Portugal is also discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Host-defense peptides AC12, DK16 and RC11 with immunomodulatory activity isolated from Hypsiboas raniceps skin secretion

Inflammation is a natural defense mechanism of the immune system; however, when unregulated, it can lead to chronic illness. Glucocorticoids are the most commonly used agents to effectively treat inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases, however these substances can trigger a number of side effects. Thus, viable alternatives to the use of these drugs would be advantageous. In this study, we have analyzed the anti-inflammatory profile of three synthetic peptides first identified in skin secretion of the tree frog Hypsiboas raniceps. Structural characterization was performed using NMR spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry, and the peptides were tested in vitro in RAW 264.7 cells and in vivo in Balb/c mice for their functional properties. The samples did not show a significant antimicrobial profile. NMR spectroscopy indicated that AC12 (ACFLTRLGTYVC) has a disulfide bond between C2 and C11 and a β-sheet-turn-β-sheet conformation in aqueous solution. This peptide showed no cytotoxic effect in mammalian cells and it was the most effective in reducing anti-inflammatory markers, such as NO, TNF-α and IL-12. Peptide DK16 (DKERPICSNTFRGRKC) demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, while RC11 (RCFRRRGKLTC) significantly altered the cell viability in RAW 264.7 but was shown to be safe in Balb/c erythrocytes. Our results indicate that, of the three peptides studied, AC12 is the most efficient in reducing anti-inflammatory markers, and it could be a potential agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.publishe

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors