Monitoramento Agrícola a Partir de Imagens Aéreas e WebMapping .

bitstream/CNPDIA/10446/1/BPD08_2004.pd

A stable liquid–liquid extraction system for clavulanic acid using polymer-based aqueous two-phase systems

The partitioning of Clavulanic Acid (CA) in a novel inexpensive and stable aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) has been studied. The aqueous two-phase systems are formed by mixing both polymers with a salt (NaCl or Na2SO4) and an aqueous solution of CA. The stability of CA on the presence of both polymers was investigated and it was observed that these polymers do not degrade the biomolecule. The effect of PEG-molecular size, polymer concentrations on the commercial CA partitioning has been studied, at 25 C. The data showed that commercial CA was preferentially partitioned for the PEG-rich phase with a partition coefficient (KCA) between 1 and 12 in the PEG/NaPA aqueous two phase systems supplemented with NaCl and Na2SO4. The partition to the PEG phase was increased in the systems with high polymer concentrations. Furthermore, Na2SO4 caused higher CA preference for the PEG-phase than NaCl. The systems having a composition with 10 wt.% of PEG4000, 20 wt.% of NaPA8000 and 6 wt.% of Na2SO4 were selected as the optimal ones in terms of recovery of CA from fermented broth of Streptomyces clavuligerus. The partitioning results (KCA = 9.15 ± 1.06) are competitive with commercial extraction methods of CA (KCA = 11.91 ± 2.08) which emphasizes that the system PEG/NaPA/Na2SO4 can be used as a new process to CA purification/concentrationFinancial support is gratefully acknowledged from FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and from CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasilia, Brazil) and CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior)

Variabilidade espacial da duração do período de molhamento em vinhedo de 'Niagara Rosada'

Despite considerable efforts to develop accurate electronic sensors to measure leaf wetness duration (LWD), little attention has been given to studies about how is LWD variability in different positions of the crop canopy. In order to evaluate the influence of 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca) grapevine structure on the spatial variability of LWD, the objective of this study was to determine the canopy position of the ‘Niagara RosadaÂ’ table grape with longer LWD and its correlation with measured standard LWD over turfgrass. LWD was measured in four different canopy positions of the vineyard (sensors deployed at 45º with the horizontal): at the top of the plants, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Top-SW and Top-NE), and at the grape bunches height, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Bottom-SW and Bottom-NE). No significant difference was observed between the top (1.6 m) and the bottom (1.0 m) of the canopy and also between the southwest and northeast face of the plants. The relationship between standard LWD over turfgrass and crop LWD in different positions of the grape canopy showed a define correlation, with R² ranging from 0.86 to 0.89 for all period, from 0.72 to 0.77 for days without rain, and from 0.89 to 0.91 for days with rain.Apesar dos esforços consideráveis para se desenvolverem sensores eletrônicos acurados para medir a duração do período de molhamento (DPM), pouca atenção tem sido dada às pesquisas sobre a variabilidade da DPM no interior do dossel das culturas. A fim de avaliar a influência da estrutura da cobertura vegetal da videira 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca) na variabilidade espacial da DPM, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a posição da videira com a maior DPM e sua relação com a DPM medida em condição-padrão (no gramado). Para tanto, a DPM foi medida em quatro diferentes posições da planta, com os sensores inclinados em 45º em relação à horizontal: topo da planta com a face superior do sensor voltada para sudoeste e nordeste (Topo-SW e Topo-NE) e altura dos cachos de uva com a face superior do sensor voltada para sudoeste e nordeste (Dossel-SW e Dossel-NE). Não houve diferença significativa da DPM tanto entre a parte mais alta (1,6 m) e a parte mais baixa (1,0 m) da planta, como entre as faces sudoeste e nordeste das plantas. As relações entre os dados de DPM sobre o gramado e nas diversas posições da cobertura vegetal, obtidas por meio de regressão linear simples, apresentaram correlações bem definidas, com valores de R² variando de 0,86 a 0,89 para todo o período, de 0,72 a 0,77 para os dias sem chuva e de 0,89 a 0,91 para os dias com chuva.FAPES

Approach of Passive Filters using NSGA II in industrial installations: Part I

The optimization of passive filters in industrial systems has been presented by different computational methods. The objective of this paper is to develop a computational algorithm with NSGA II to select the configuration and design parameters of a set of passive filters for industrial installations. As a methodology, the optimization problem was addressed using three independent objective functions of innovative character for compensation of harmonics through passive filters as a multiobjective problem. The results were the computational solution to this problem that determines a set of Pareto optimal solutions (Frontier). In addition, the computational tool has several new features such as: calculates the parameters that characterize the filters, but also selects the type of configuration and the number of branches of the filter in each candidate bar according to a set of pre-established configurations according to PRODIST-M8 (Brazilian Standard) and IEEE 519-2014. Also determine solutions with good power quality indicators (THD, TDD and NPV) for several characteristic and non-characteristic scenarios of the system that allow to represent: daily variations of the load, and variations of system parameters and filters. It evaluates the cost of energy bills in an industrial power grid that has different operating conditions (characteristic scenarios) and evaluates the economic effect of harmonic filters as reactive power compensators

Adaptive Non-Immersive VR Environment for Eliciting Fear of Cockroaches: A Physiology-Driven Approach Combined with 3D-TV Exposure

Non-immersive VR environments are related to the least interactive application of VR techniques, such that interaction with the VR environment can occur commonly by 3D-TV without full immersion into the environment. This study presents how 3D-TV exposure combined with physiology recording can elicit fear of cockroaches among individuals with different levels of fear. Thirty-six participants, set apart into three fear groups (low vs. moderate vs. high), were exposed to VR environment with cockroaches for 4 minutes while recording and using cardiac activity as input to the VR environment. Results revealed significant effects on self-report measures and heart rate between different fear groups. Moreover, participants with higher levels of fear were more likely to trigger cockroaches into the scenario due to their cardiac acceleration. Overall results suggest that our physiology-driven VR environment is valid for fear elicitation while having potential use in therapeutic domain

OCORRÊNCIA DE PATÓGENOS EM CARNÍVOROS SELVAGENS BRASILEIROS E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO E SAÚDE PÚBLICA

OCCURRENCE OF PATHOGENS IN BRAZILIAN WILD CARNIVORES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH.  Several outbreaks caused by pathogens caused declines in wild carnivore populations in the last decades. In addition to the negative impact to wild populations, there is a concern about the transmission of some of these agents to humans and domestic  animals. In fact, environmental alterations have resulted in changes in the pathogen-host relation. Therefore, monitoring health of wild animals is considered an important component in programs for control or eradication of diseases and in the public and animal health politics and for the management and conservation of wild species. Considering the role of mammals of the order Carnivora in the trophic chain, they might be used as “sentinels”, working as strategic targets in programs of surveillance of important pathogens for public and animal health. We review in this paper case-studies of the main pathogens that occur in wild carnivores, emphasizing species of the Brazilian fauna. We also discuss laboratorial methods used in studies of exposure of Brazilian wild carnivores to pathogens, as well as strategies to minimize the impacts in these populations caused by that exposure, and methods for controlling the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in wild carnivores. Key-words: Order Carnivora; conservation medicine; zoonosis; epidemiology; fauna management.OCURRENCIA DE PATÓGENOS EN CARNÍVOROS SALVAJES BRASILEÑOS Y SUS IMPLICACIONES PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN Y LA SALUD PÚBLICA. Diversos brotes epidémicos causados por agentes patógenos han provocado una severa reducción de las poblaciones de carnívoros salvajes en las últimas décadas. Además de este impacto sobre las poblaciones silvestres, existe la preocupación de que haya transmisión de algunos de estos agentes a la población humana y de animales domésticos. De hecho, las alteraciones ambientales han provocado cambios en la relación patógeno-hospedero. De esta forma, el monitoreo de la salud de animales silvestres es un componente importante en el establecimiento de programas de control y erradicación de enfermedades y en la elaboración de políticas de salud pública y animal y de manejo y conservación de especies salvajes. Considerando el papel de los mamíferos del orden Carnivora en la cadena trófica, éstos pueden ser usados como “centinelas”, siendo objetivos estratégicos en programas de vigilancia para detección de patógenos. Siendo así, en este artículo serán revisados estudios de caso de los principales patógenos que afectan a carnívoros salvajes, con énfasis en las especies de la fauna brasileña. Los métodos de laboratorio utilizados en los estudios de exposición de los carnívoros brasileños a patógenos serán discutidos así como consideraciones sobre estrategias para minimizar sus impactos sobre la fauna silvestre y los posibles métodos para el control de patógenos causantes de zoonosis en carnívoros. Palabras clave: Orden Carnivora; medicina de la conservación; zoonosis; epidemiología; manejo de fauna.Diversos surtos epidêmicos, causados por agentes patogênicos, provocaram severo declínio em populações de carnívoros selvagens. Além deste impacto às populações silvestres, há a preocupação da transmissão de alguns destes agentes à população humana e de animais domésticos. De fato, as alterações ambientais têm provocado mudanças na relação patógeno-hospedeiro. Desta forma, o monitoramento da saúde de animais silvestres é importante componente no estabelecimento de programas de controle e erradicação de doenças e na elaboração de políticas de saúde pública e animal e de manejo e conservação de espécies selvagens. Considerando o papel dos mamíferos da ordem Carnivora na cadeia trófica, estes podem ser usados como “sentinelas”, sendo alvos estratégicos em programas de vigilância para detecção de patógenos. Sendo assim, neste artigo revisamos estudos de caso dos principais patógenos que acometem carnívoros selvagens, com ênfase nas espécies da fauna brasileira. Discutimos ainda os métodos laboratoriais utilizados nos estudos de exposição dos carnívoros brasileiros e fazemos considerações sobre estratégias para minimizar os impactos da exposição à patógenos, bem como os possíveis métodos para controle de patógenos causadores de zoonoses em carnívoros

Interferential electrical stimulation improves peripheral vasodilatation in healthy individuals

BACKGROUND: Interferential electrical stimulation (IES), which may be linked to greater penetration of deep tissue, may restore blood flow by sympathetic nervous modulation; however, studies have found no association between the frequency and duration of the application and blood flow. We hypothesized that 30 min of IES applied to the ganglion stellate region might improve blood flow redistribution.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IES on metaboreflex activation in healthy individuals.METHOD: Interferential electrical stimulation or a placebo stimulus (same protocol without electrical output) was applied to the stellate ganglion region in eleven healthy subjects (age 25±1.3 years) prior to exercise. Mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), calf blood flow (CBF) and calf vascular resistance (CVR) were measured throughout exercise protocols (submaximal static handgrip exercise) and with recovery periods with or without postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO+ and PECO -, respectively). Muscle metaboreflex control of calf vascular resistance was estimated by subtracting the area under the curve when circulation was occluded from the area under the curve from the AUC without circulatory occlusion.RESULTS:At peak exercise, increases in mean blood pressure were attenuated by IES (p<0.05), and the effect persisted under both the PECO+ and PECO- treatments. IES promoted higher CBF and lower CVR during exercise and recovery. Likewise, IES induced a reduction in the estimated muscle metaboreflex control (placebo, 21±5 units vs.IES, 6±3, p<0.01).CONCLUSION: Acute application of IES prior to exercise attenuates the increase in blood pressure and vasoconstriction during exercise and metaboreflex activation in healthy subjects