Aplicació d’una teoria d’Aprenentatge basat en problemes (ABP) al Grau superior de disseny en fabricació mecànica : concreció al Mòdul 2. Disseny de productes mecànics Unitat Formativa 1. Disseny de productes mecànics

El contingut d’aquest TFM no és més que una proposta de concreció de la metodologia d’Aprenentatge Basat en Problemes (ABP) a una Unitat Formativa Concreta (Disseny de productes mecànics)del Cicle de Disseny en Fabricació Mecànica. Es plantegen primer els motius que justifiquen i avalen el canvi de metodologia, establint una comparativa que mostra les millores substancials que propicia l’ABP per tal d’aconseguir aprenentatges més significatius i, tot seguit, es presenta l’ABP i els seus trets més destacats (característiques, objectius, aprenentatges que fomenta, tipus de problemes que es poden treballar amb ABP,...) així com els reptes que comporta implementar aquesta metodologia. Tot això es fa a fi d’entendre com i perquè realitzarem l’aplicació de l’ABP a una Unitat formativa. En aquesta part, es fa una breu referència al constructivisme, corrent teòrica de l’aprenentatge sobre la que se sustenta la metodologia ABP, per tal d’entendre el perquè és millor afavorir els aprenentatges significatius respecte als memorístics. Un cop exposades les bases teòriques, s’analitza la Unitat Formativa escollida i es presenta la seva programació basada en la metodologia ABP. En aquesta part, es formula la programació de la Unitat Formativa, la presentació d’un projecte complex, el treball del qual facilitarà el recorregut a través de tots els Continguts, Criteris d’Avaluació i Resultats d’Aprenentatge que volem treballar. Finalment, es detalla tot el procés d’aplicació de l’ABP al projecte escollit, separant què i com es durà a terme en cada moment per part del professor i l’alumnat a fi d’aconseguir l’aprenentatge desitjat. Per últim, el TFM conté també la manera d’avaluar els aprenentatges adquirits per part de l’alumnat., per tal de tancar el cercle del procés d’ensenyament-aprenentatge i poder comprovar que el mètode nou realment aconsegueix millorar els aprenentatges de l’alumnat

Diagnóstico geográfico del riesgo de degradación residencial

El objetivo principal del estudio es determinar de qué manera se podía identificar la presencia de riesgo de degradación residencial (RDR) en un área urbana. La hipótesis de partida consiste en la afirmación de que es posible hacer esta identificación a través de la información del Censo y del Catastro, dos bases de datos fácilmente disponibles. La metodología utilizada en el desarrollo de este estudio se basa en el uso del método cuantitativo, mediante el análisis de los datos mencionados por el método de evaluación multivariante que permite establecer el peso relativo de cada uno de los indicadores previamente elaborado con respecto al conjunto. La ponderación de las dos principales agrupaciones de datos (referentes a los edificios y a la caracterización socioeconómica de sus habitantes) utilizadas y su análisis mediante este método han permitido esclarecer la importancia de cada uno de ellos para la caracterización de las parcelas que deban contar con actuaciones prioritarias de reforma urbana. Los datos obtenidos de la ponderación de indicadores se representan con la ayuda de sistemas de información geográfica obteniendo así unos mapas en los cuales se diagnostica el riesgo de degradación residencial. Los resultados se contrastan y depuran mediante visita de campo.Peer Reviewe

Sistema de transformación de contenidos a medida

A partir de los estándares y especialmente de XML, se dispone hoy de una suficiente normativa para la construcción y definición de contenidos de aprendizaje. Dublín Core, IMS y SCORM, definen los metadatos necesarios para la correcta descripción de un contenido de formación. Concretamente, existen sistemas de descripción altamente voluminosos como LOM de IEEE. A su vez, hay soluciones para el empaquetado de los distintos LO (Learning Objects) descritos, usando la estandarización manifest SCORM. Por otra parte, actualmente las metodologías de usabilidad y de Diseño centrado en el Usuario (DCU) están ya suficientemente maduras y con resultados contrastados para aplicarlas a la construcción de las interfaces de los contenidos. Así se obtienen, a partir de los estándares de e-learning, contenidos usables, es decir eficientes, eficaces y satisfactorios para el usuario. A la vez existen ya disponibles normativas de accesibilidad tanto a nivel general como a nivel de e-learning. Encontramos las normas de la “section 508” promovidas en USA o las normas WAI A, AA y AAA del W3C. Así pues, es posible desarrollar un sistema de transformación para convertir contenidos definidos en los estándares de e-learning a formatos usables y adaptados a los estándares y necesidades del acceso de discapacitados.This experience report presents how we developed a solution to easily publish learning contents in the formats that best fulfill students’ needs at each specific moment of their learning process. The basis is an XML standard file from which different format outputs are generated automatically. The output interface is designed using human‐computer interaction (HCI) methodologies and following e‐learning and accessibility standards. We describe here the process of creation of three different formats: a paper format generated in two sizes (pocket and folio), a Web format based on standards of e‐learning and an accessible Digital Talking Book (DTB) format. This experience was done with a 1000 learning materials from the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). The materials were used by more than 25000 students from September 2004 to July 2005. This adaptation of the output format to meet students’ needs resulted in an increase of their satisfaction, not only regarding the interface but also the overall materials service. Therefore, by solely changing the output of the contents, students’ perception ‐ as shown by satisfaction surveys ‐ was that the quality of the contents had increase

SCAN to BIM beyond a final BIM: why, when and how

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become a must in architecture when it comes to new buildings, but in heritage buildings and in rehabilitation projects, it is still a debate if it’s useful or efficient to make a BIM model. In this paper we analyze and propose When, How and Why modeling in BIM should be a standard process for rehabilitation projects in which an architectural has been performed. In the field of heritage architecture, archeology and rehabilitation, to create an as-built model to work on, it is needed an architectural survey using a laser scan or/and photogrammetry, which captures dense 3D measurements of the building, so architects can make studies of its geometry, detect pathologies and use it as a base for their new designs. However, even though the 3D surveying technics has evolved in the recent years, in the world architecture, the point clouds are still pretty unknown, therefore for many architects are useless information in that format. So, it is necessary to convert this 3D information as point clouds to a more common file like 2D vector drawings in CAD. For this process, it should be question if and how modeling in BIM from the point cloud (scan to BIM) helps to this purpose, without taking into the account that modeling in BIM you get a BIM model, which in rehabilitation and heritage is still not common enough to work with it. Analyzing the information of the point clouds, the typology of the building, the timings, the precision required, and how works a BIM software (Revit) and its libraries; we conclude that, in some particular projects, as far as technology and architecture field are nowadays, to make a useful documentation for rehabilitation modeling in BIM the building in a specific LoD directly from a point cloud (scan to BIM), it is an upgrade in the process beyond the fact of having a BIM model, that is to say, you can get the same documents, but with better quality results, in a more efficient way and less time spend. We ended up with a list of characteristics a building must have for this scan to BIM process is an efficient step and how this should be performed. This paper explores the efficiency of the Scan to BIM process for specific rehabilitation projects, testing it in two different case studies: a large scale building with repetitive elements (old military hospital in Valencia) and a small one with unique elements (classified single family house in Barcelona).Postprint (author's final draft

Disclosure of temporary exposures as permanent website applications through the patrimonial survey

In a context of web application in the field of the dissemination of cultural heritage, this article advances in a methodology for the optimization of points clouds obtained through the technology of Laser Scanner (TLS). Identifying the potential of TLS surveys as interactive models that allow the cultural heritage to be perpetuated over time. This point cloud optimization is developed with free software, focusing its exploitation on an interactive web application, which has made it possible to convert two temporary museum exhibitions into permanent exhibitions in virtual format. Developed in conjunction with the Museu d’Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona. The case study focuses on the Palau Reial Major, Gothic style, formed by the chapel of Santa Àgata (built in 1302, on the Roman wall) and Saló del Tinell (built between 1359 and 1370, on the Roman remains). Located in the Plaça del Rei, in the old town of Barcelona. In this application is very important the visual impact, it requires to represent a faithful model of the interior of the building, from the point of view of color and lighting, avoiding the transparencies of the model through a dense cloud of dots, without occlusions, this requires a great quantity of positions. This implies a clear methodology, using different techniques such as photographic proyection, given the complexity of lighting of the building, as much for the artificial lighting as for the lighting of the stained glass. In this process, there were 84 positions that provide greater density of points, which are optimized with free programs. The temporary exhibitions of the case studies, elaborated by the MUHBA in the Saló del Tinell are:Postprint (published version

Filtering Surfaces in Surveys with Multiple Overlapping: Sagrada Familia

The heritage survey with the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) allows the document of the geometry of the building and to constitute a 3D point cloud as a register of its conservation state. When complex buildings with architectural and sculptural elements are scanned, there are a lot of captured data that is not valid, because of the instrumental error and foreign elements of the buildings. For that reason, the point cloud must be cleaned with the objective to obtain a final model from which different products could be created, such as plans, technical documents and 3D models to print. For this cleaning process, in this article with the case of study is Antoni Gaudi’s Sagrada Familia (Fachada del Nacimiento), we propose a methodology based on applying some filers, considering the fact that more than 3000 positions were realized, 750 of them belong to the same facade with positions that have a lot of overlapping data. Therefore, in a same zone of the building there is data scanned from multiple positions in different ways, so we can find there any kind of error, such as the noise from boundary effects, glass flections and mobile objects, and scans realized from a scissor lift, that have been previously validated. Different point cloud filtering processes have been studied, through the point cloud itself (position by position and with a unitary cloud), and by meshing it. Every process requires the knowledge of how the scan was realized, what type of error dominates in each zone is analyzed. Therefore, each filtering option accomplish the requirements established after the analysis.Postprint (author's final draft

Training for the use of Moodle in university

Postprint (published version

Diagnosis and Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia and Its Nutritional and Respiratory Complications in the Elderly

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a major complaint among older people. Dysphagia may cause two types of complications in these patients: (a) a decrease in the efficacy of deglutition leading to malnutrition and dehydration, (b) a decrease in deglutition safety, leading to tracheobronchial aspiration which results in aspiration pneumonia and can lead to death. Clinical screening methods should be used to identify older people with oropharyngeal dysphagia and to identify those patients who are at risk of aspiration. Videofluoroscopy (VFS) is the gold standard to study the oral and pharyngeal mechanisms of dysphagia in older patients. Up to 30% of older patients with dysphagia present aspiration—half of them without cough, and 45%, oropharyngeal residue; and 55% older patients with dysphagia are at risk of malnutrition. Treatment with dietetic changes in bolus volume and viscosity, as well as rehabilitation procedures can improve deglutition and prevent nutritional and respiratory complications in older patients. Diagnosis and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia need a multidisciplinary approach

Diagnóstico geográfico del riesgo de degradación residencial

El objetivo principal del estudio es determinar de qué manera se podía identificar la presencia de riesgo de degradación residencial (RDR) en un área urbana. La hipótesis de partida consiste en la afirmación de que es posible hacer esta identificación a través de la información del Censo y del Catastro, dos bases de datos fácilmente disponibles. La metodología utilizada en el desarrollo de este estudio se basa en el uso del método cuantitativo, mediante el análisis de los datos mencionados por el método de evaluación multivariante que permite establecer el peso relativo de cada uno de los indicadores previamente elaborado con respecto al conjunto. La ponderación de las dos principales agrupaciones de datos (referentes a los edificios y a la caracterización socioeconómica de sus habitantes) utilizadas y su análisis mediante este método han permitido esclarecer la importancia de cada uno de ellos para la caracterización de las parcelas que deban contar con actuaciones prioritarias de reforma urbana. Los datos obtenidos de la ponderación de indicadores se representan con la ayuda de sistemas de información geográfica obteniendo así unos mapas en los cuales se diagnostica el riesgo de degradación residencial. Los resultados se contrastan y depuran mediante visita de campo.Peer Reviewe

Passive smoking at home is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia in older adults: a population-based case-control study

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether passive smoking exposure at home is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. SETTING: A population-based case-control study was designed in a Mediterranean area with 860 000 inhabitants >14 years of age. PARTICIPANTS: 1003 participants who had never smoked were recruited. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors for CAP, including home exposure to passive smoking, were registered. All new cases of CAP in a well-defined population were consecutively recruited during a 12-month period. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was designed to assess risk factors for CAP, including home exposure to passive smoking. All new cases of CAP in a well-defined population were consecutively recruited during a 12-month period. The subgroup of never smokers was selected for the present analysis. RESULTS: The study sample included 471 patients with CAP and 532 controls who had never smoked. The annual incidence of CAP was estimated to be 1.14 cases×10(-3) inhabitants in passive smokers and 0.90×10(-3) in non-passive smokers (risk ratio (RR) 1.26; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.55) in the whole sample. In participants ≥65 years of age, this incidence was 2.50×10(-3) in passive smokers and 1.69×10(-3) in non-passive smokers (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.03). In this last age group, the percentage of passive smokers in cases and controls was 26% and 18.1%, respectively (p=0.039), with a crude OR of 1.59 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.38) and an adjusted (by age and sex) OR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.00 to 2.45). CONCLUSIONS: Passive smoking at home is a risk factor for CAP in older adults (65 years or more)