An Outlook on the Localisation and Structure-Function Relationships of R Proteins in Solanum

The co-evolution of plants and plant-pathogens shaped a multi-layered defence system in plants, in which Resistance proteins (R proteins) play a significant role. A fundamental understanding of the functioning of these R proteins and their position in the broader defence system of the plant is essential. Sub-project 3 of the BIOEXPLOIT programme studies how R proteins are activated upon effector recognition and how recognition is conveyed in resistance signalling pathways, using the solanaceous R proteins Rx1 (from S. tuberosum spp. andigena; conferring extreme resistance against Potato Virus X), I-2 (from S. lycopersicon; mediating resistance to Fusarium oxysporum) and Mi-1.2 (from S. lycopersicon; conferring resistance to Meloidogyne incognita) as model systems. The results obtained in this project will serve as a model for other R proteins and will be translated to potential applications or alternative strategies for disease resistance. These include the modification of the recognition specificity of R proteins with the aim to obtain broad spectrum resistance to major pathogens in potato

Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Produksi pada Nikko Bakery

Nikko Bakery merupkan Perusahaan produksi roti yang berawal dari industri rumahan yang menggunakan sistem konvensional dalam kegiatan produksi sehari-hari. Seiring berjalannya waktu, peningkatan kapasitas produksi menyebabkan informasi ketersediaan bahan baku merupakan hal yang harus diperhatikan untuk peningkatan efisiensi dan mencegah kekurangan bahan baku. Aplikasi ini dapat menghasilkan perhitungan penggunaan bahan baku yang akan mempermudah bagian produksi agar tidak terjadinya pemborosan bahan baku, peringatan akan stok bahan baku yang sudah sampai batas minimum yang berguna dalam menghemat waktu produksi, pembuatan work order yang akan memudahkan bagian produksi dalam memastikan barang apa saja yang akan diproduksi, pembuatan pesanan yang berfungsi untuk menampung seluruh pesanan pelanggan, pembuatan list customer dan supplier yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan seluruh data customer maupun supplier, serta laporan pendukung lainnya

Active microwave users working group program planning

A detailed programmatic and technical development plan for active microwave technology was examined in each of four user activities: (1) vegetation; (2) water resources and geologic applications, and (4) oceanographic applications. Major application areas were identified, and the impact of each application area in terms of social and economic gains were evaluated. The present state of knowledge of the applicability of active microwave remote sensing to each application area was summarized and its role relative to other remote sensing devices was examined. The analysis and data acquisition techniques needed to resolve the effects of interference factors were reviewed to establish an operational capability in each application area. Flow charts of accomplished and required activities in each application area that lead to operational capability were structured

Ceramic-faience hybrids were used to recycle bronze in North-Western European Iron Age egg-shaped crucibles

We investigated the characteristics of a group of 13 Middle Iron Age egg-shaped crucibles and crucible fragments from Tilburg (The Netherlands). We used a combination of optical and chemical analyses, including hand-held XRF, microCT scanning and 3-D printing polarizing light microscopy and SEM-EDX. The chemical analyses confirmed that the crucibles were used for copper alloy metallurgy. Impressions in the lids of the crucibles turned out to be imprints of copper alloy scrap, including fragments of twisted wire and fibulae. Most remarkable, however, is the large proportion of sheet metal among the scrap.In order to make crucibles from the local, non-refractory clays, a hitherto unknown ceramic-faience hybrid was used: A combination of clay and halophytic plant ash was mixed with silt into a paste, and this was used to construct the crucible. During firing, the flux would promote melting of the clays and probably prevent catastrophic failure of the crucibles. The resulting glassy groundmass – in which silt grains are embedded and partially dissolved – is rich in Al2O3 as well as in Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO and Fe2O3.It is likely that this technique of crucible manufacture was widespread in Late Prehistory in areas where no refractory clays were available

PYTHIA hadronization process tuning in the GENIE neutrino interaction generator

9 pages, 7 figures, proceedings of the CETUP*-Workshop on Neutrino Interactions, July 22-31, 2014 at Lead/Dead Wood, South Dakota, USA9 pages, 7 figures, proceedings of the CETUP*-Workshop on Neutrino Interactions, July 22-31, 2014 at Lead/Dead Wood, South Dakota, USAv1: 9 pages, 7 figures, proceedings of the CETUP*-Workshop on Neutrino Interactions, July 22-31, 2014 at Lead/Dead Wood, South Dakota, USA. v2: 15 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, will be published by Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics (IoP

Towards net zero CO2 in 2050: an emission reduction pathway for organic soils in Germany

The Paris Agreement reflects the global endeavour to limit the increase of global average temperature to 2 °C, better 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels to prevent dangerous climate change. This requires that global anthropogenic net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are reduced to zero around 2050. The German Climate Protection Plan substantiates this goal and explicitly mentions peatlands, which make up 5 % of the total area under land use and emit 5.7 % of total annual greenhouse gas emissions in Germany. Based on inventory reporting and assumptions of land use change probability, we have developed emission reduction pathways for organic soils in Germany that on a national level comply with the IPCC 1.5 °C pathways. The more gradual pathway 1 requires the following interim (2030, 2040) and ultimate (2050) milestones: Cropland use stopped and all Cropland converted to Grassland by 2030; Water tables raised to the soil surface on 15 % / 60 % / 100 % of all Grassland, on 50 % / 75 % / 100 % of all Forest land, and ultimately on 2/3 of all Settlements and on 100 % of all Wetlands. Also a more direct pathway 2 without interim ‘moist’ water tables and the climate effect (radiative forcing) of different scenarios is presente

Study of the pd→3HeK+K−pd\to ^3\textrm{He} K^+K^- and pd→3Heϕpd\to ^3\textrm{He} \phi reactions close to threshold

Two--kaon production in proton--deuteron collisions has been studied at three energies close to threshold using a calibrated magnetic spectrograph to measure the final $^3$He and a vertex detector to measure the $K^+K^-$ pair. Differential and total cross sections are presented for the production of $\phi$--mesons, decaying through $\phi\to K^+K^-$, as well as for prompt $K^+K^-$ production. The prompt production seems to follow phase space in both its differential distributions and in its energy dependence. The amplitude for the $pd\to ^3${He}$\phi$ reaction varies little for excess energies below 22 MeV and the value is consistent with that obtained from a threshold measurement. The angular distribution of the $K^+K^-$ decay pair shows that near threshold the $\phi$--mesons are dominantly produced with polarization $m=0$ along the initial proton direction. No conclusive evidence for $f_0(980)$ production is found in the data.Comment: 13 figure