“A Threat on the Ground”: The Consequences of Witnessing Stereotype-Confirming Ingroup Members in Interracial Interactions

Objectives: Three studies explored interpersonal consequences of engaging in interracial interactions after witnessing racial ingroup members’ stereotypical behavior. Method: Study 1 used experience-sampling methodology to assess ethnic minority students’ (n = 119) intergroup anxiety, metastereotypes, and anticipatory behaviors following one of three types of interpersonal interactions: (a) a White person and a racial ingroup member who had behaved stereotypically, (b) a White person and a nonstereotypical ingroup member, or (c) neither. Studies 2 (n = 273) and 3 (n = 379) experimentally examined whether witnessing an ingroup member’s stereotypically negative behavior in interracial interactions, compared to stereotypically positive (Study 2) or nonstereotypically negative behavior (Study 3) differentially affected anxiety, metastereotypes, and anticipatory behaviors in interracial versus intraracial interactions among Black Americans. Results: In Study 1, minorities reported greater anxiety, metastereotypes, and motivation to disprove stereotypes, but less interest in future interracial contact, following interracial interactions involving stereotype-confirming ingroup members compared to other interactions. In Studies 2 and 3, adverse interaction consequences were most severe when ingroup behavior was both negative and stereotypical compared to neutral, stereotypically positive, and nonstereotypically negative ingroup behavior. Additionally, metastereotypes (and, to a lesser degree, anxiety) mediated individuals’ motivation to disprove stereotypes and desire future interactions with White witnesses following stereotypically negative ingroup behavior in interracial (vs. intraracial) interactions. Conclusions: This research highlights the emotional, metaperceptual, and motivational outcomes following ingroup members’ stereotypical behavior in intergroup contexts that extend beyond dyadic encounters

The Relationships between Religiosity and Internalizing Symptoms in African American Parent-Adolescent Dyads

Objectives: African American (AA) adolescents face a greater risk of internalizing symptoms, including symptoms of both depression and anxiety, compared with other racial groups; yet, relatively less is known about the variables that contribute to internalizing symptoms. With the aim of advancing this work, this study examined factors that may buffer against such symptoms (maternal warmth, religiosity), as well as those that may confer additional risk (maternal psychopathology). Method: One hundred ninety-three AA single mothers and their adolescent youth reported on religiosity, maternal warmth and depressive symptoms, and youth internalizing symptoms. Dyadic structural equation modeling was used to examine the effects of mother and adolescent religiosity, maternal warmth, maternal depressive symptoms, and adolescent age on youth internalizing symptoms as reported by both the mother and the adolescent. Results: Consistent with hypotheses, maternal depressive symptoms were significantly associated with youth internalizing symptoms (as reported by the adolescent). Further, the impact of maternal religiosity on self-reported youth internalizing symptoms and its subscales was moderated by adolescent age. Specifically, maternal religiosity was associated with fewer self-reported internalizing symptoms in young adolescents, whereas the effect waned in older youth. Conclusions: Possible predictive coprocesses such as maternal influence on adolescent religious choices and identity formation are explored in the context of adolescent internalizing symptomatology

Ocean acidification state variability of the Atlantic Arctic Ocean around northern Svalbard

The Svalbard shelf and Atlantic Arctic Ocean are a transition zone between northward flowing Atlantic Water and ice-covered waters of the Arctic. Effects of regional ocean warming, sea ice loss and greater influence of Atlantic Water or “Atlantification” on the state of ocean acidification, i.e. calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation (Ω) are yet to be fully understood. Anomalies in surface layer Ω for the climatically-vulnerable CaCO3 mineral aragonite (ΔΩ) were determined by considering the variability in Ωaragonite during late summer each year from 2014 to 2017 relative to the four-year average. Greatest sea ice extent and more Arctic-like conditions in 2014 resulted in ΔΩ anomalies of −0.05 to −0.01 (up to 45% of total ΔΩ) as a result of lower primary production. Conversely, greater Atlantic Water influence in 2015 supplied the ice-free surface layer with nitrate, which prolonged primary production to drive ΔΩ anomalies of 0.01 to 0.06 (up to 45% of total ΔΩ) in more Atlantic-like conditions. Additionally, dissolution of CaCO3 increased carbonate ion concentrations giving ΔΩ anomalies up to 0.06 (up to 52% of total ΔΩ). These processes enhanced surface water Ω, which ranged between 2.01 and 2.65 across the region. Recent sea ice retreat in 2016 and 2017 (rate of decrease in ice cover of ∼4% in 30 days) created transitional Atlantic-Arctic conditions, where surface water Ω varied between 1.87 and 2.29 driven by ΔΩ anomalies of −0.10 to 0.01 due to meltwater inputs and influence of Arctic waters. Anomalies as low as −0.12 from reduced CaCO3 dissolution in 2016 further supressed Ω. Wind-driven mixing in 2017 entrained Atlantic Water with low Ω into the surface layer to drive large ΔΩ anomalies of −0.15 (up to 58% of ΔΩ). Sea-ice meltwater provided a minor source of carbonate ions, slightly counteracting dilution effects. Ice-free surface waters were substantial sinks for atmospheric CO2, where uptake of 20.5 mmol m−2 day−1 lowered surface water Ω. “Atlantification” could exacerbate or alleviate acidification of the Arctic Ocean, being highly dependent on the numerous factors examined here that are intricately linked to the sea ice-ocean system variability.publishedVersio

Clinical and MRI responses to etanercept in early non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis : 48-week results from the EMBARK study

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of etanercept (ETN) after 48 weeks in patients with early active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). Methods: Patients meeting Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axSpA, but not modified New York radiographic criteria, received double-blind ETN 50 mg/week or placebo (PBO) for 12 weeks, then open-label ETN (ETN/ETN or PBO/ETN). Clinical, health, productivity, MRI and safety outcomes were assessed and the 48-week data are presented here. Results: 208/225 patients (92%) entered the open-label phase at week 12 (ETN, n=102; PBO, n=106). The percentage of patients achieving ASAS40 increased from 33% to 52% between weeks 12 and 48 for ETN/ETN and from 15% to 53% for PBO/ETN (within-group p value <0.001 for both). For ETN/ETN and PBO/ETN, the EuroQol 5 Dimensions utility score improved by 0.14 and 0.08, respectively, between baseline and week 12 and by 0.23 and 0.22 between baseline and week 48. Between weeks 12 and 48, MRI Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada sacroiliac joint (SIJ) scores decreased by -1.1 for ETN/ETN and by -3.0 for PBO/ETN, p<0.001 for both. Decreases in MRI SIJ inflammation and C-reactive protein correlated with several clinical outcomes at weeks 12 and 48. Conclusions: Patients with early active nr-axSpA demonstrated improvement from week 12 in clinical, health, productivity and MRI outcomes that was sustained to 48 weeks

Biodiversity Assessment of Champion Creek Utilizing DNA Barcoding

Biodiversity, the variety and number of species in a particular habitat, can be an important indicator of the overall health and functioning of an ecosystem. In this regard, to determine the diversity of an environment requires the ability to accurately identify what species are present and determine their relative abundance in the habitat. The accurate identification of species based on morphology can be problematic as it often overlooks cryptic species, relies on taxonomic expertise and often leads to incorrect identifications. An alternative that overcomes these limitations is DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding is a system of species identification that utilizes an ~650 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase one gene (COI) to identify and delineate species. In this project, students in Molecular Ecology (BIOL 4951) set out to assess the freshwater diversity of Champion Creek at Georgia College’s East Campus. To do this, ~60 fish were collected from Champion Creek through seining and were brought back to the laboratory for biological identification via DNA barcoding. In the laboratory, high molecular weight DNA was extracted from 40 specimens and the COI gene was amplified via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Successfully amplified products were then sent off to Eurofins Genomics for sequencing. Analysis of DNA sequences identified 16 unique species of fish. The high number of species recovered, along with the high diversity and richness indices calculated, suggest that Lake Laurel is an overall healthy ecosystem. Information regarding the biodiversity of Lake Laurel from this project could be valuable to subsequent field studies regarding the ecology of this area

Valence and Rydberg excitations of 2-fluorotoluene in the 4.4–10.8 eV photoabsorption energy region

Funding Information: PASR acknowledges support from the Brazilian agency Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). ASB and MHFB acknowledge support from the Brazilian agency Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). PASR, ASB and MHFB also acknowledge Prof. Carlos de Carvalho for computational support at LFTC-DFis-UFPR and at LCPAD-UFPR. The authors wish to acknowledge the beam time at the ISA synchrotron, Aarhus University, Denmark. The research leading to this result has been supported by the project CALIPSOplus under the Grant Agreement 730872 from the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. SK, AIL and PLV acknowledges the Portuguese National Funding Agency (FCT) through research grant CEFITEC (UIDB/00068/2020) . PLV also acknowledges his visiting professor position at Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. This contribution is also based upon work from the COST Action CA18212-Molecular Dynamics in the GAS phase (MD-GAS), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Funding Information: PASR acknowledges support from the Brazilian agency Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). ASB and MHFB acknowledge support from the Brazilian agency Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). PASR, ASB and MHFB also acknowledge Prof. Carlos de Carvalho for computational support at LFTC-DFis-UFPR and at LCPAD-UFPR. The authors wish to acknowledge the beam time at the ISA synchrotron, Aarhus University, Denmark. The research leading to this result has been supported by the project CALIPSOplus under the Grant Agreement 730872 from the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. SK, AIL and PLV acknowledges the Portuguese National Funding Agency (FCT) through research grant CEFITEC (UIDB/00068/2020). PLV also acknowledges his visiting professor position at Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. This contribution is also based upon work from the COST Action CA18212-Molecular Dynamics in the GAS phase (MD-GAS), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)The electronic state spectroscopy of 2-fluorotoluene in the gas phase has been investigated for the first time using high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption experiments in the 4.4–10.8 eV energy-range, with absolute cross-section measurements obtained. Additionally, we also present a novel set of ab initio calculations (vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths) at two different levels of theory, equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). These are used in the assignment of valence, mix valence-Rydberg and Rydberg transitions, with the associated vibronic series analysed. The measured absolute photoabsorption cross-sections have been used to calculate the photolysis lifetime of 2-fluorotoluene in the Earth's atmosphere.publishersversionpublishe

The Canopus by Capt. E.L. Sackett, U.S.N.

In the years between the first and second world wars, the West watched with growing alarm the rise of militarism in Japan. Japan began a full-scale invasion of China in the summer of 1937 which culminated in the infamous Nanking Massacre that, an attack on the Great Wall of China in 1938, and continued bombardment of Chinese cities during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Seeking to counteract Japan’s economic and military influence in the region, the United States and its allies discontinued sale of oil, steel, and iron ore to Japan. Viewing this embargo as a provocation, Japan saw war with the West as the only way to protect its interests in the Pacific and attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. Japan’s attacks on the Philippine Islands in the following days included the bombing of Nichols Field, a U.S. military airfield south of Manila and near the Cavite Navy Yard in Manila where the submarine tender USS Canopus was carrying out its duties before being moved north to Mariveles Bay.These events serve as an opening to the remarkable story of the USS Canopus and its men transcribed and edited here

Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Total and Free Ceftriaxone in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults and Monte Carlo Simulations Support Twice Daily Dosing for Target Attainment

Critical illness, including sepsis, causes significant pathophysiologic changes that alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is one of the most prescribed antibiotics in patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We sought to develop population PK models of both total ceftriaxone and free ceftriaxone in children admitted to a single-center PICU using a scavenged opportunistic sampling approach. We tested if the presence of sepsis and phase of illness (before or after 48 h of antibiotic treatment) altered ceftriaxone PK parameters. We performed Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate whether dosing regimens commonly used in PICUs in the United States (50 mg/kg of body weight every 12 h versus 24 h) resulted in adequate antimicrobial coverage. We found that a two-compartment model best described both total and free ceftriaxone concentrations. For free concentrations, the population clearance value is 6.54 L/h/70 kg, central volume is 25.4 L/70 kg, and peripheral volume is 19.6 L/70 kg. For both models, we found that allometric weight scaling, postmenstrual age, creatinine clearance, and daily highest temperature had significant effects on clearance. The presence of sepsis or phase of illness did not have a significant effect on clearance or volume of distribution. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that to achieve free concentrations above 1 mu g/ml for 100% of the dosing intervals, a dosing regimen of 50 mg/kg every 12 h is recommended for most patients. A continuous infusion could be considered if the target is to maintain free concentrations four times above the MICs (4 mu g/ml)

High resolution spatiotemporal patterns of seawater temperatures across the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef.

Coral reefs are under increasingly severe threat from climate change and other anthropogenic stressors. Anomalously high seawater temperatures in particular are known to cause coral bleaching (loss of algal symbionts in the family Symbiodiniaceae), which frequently leads to coral mortality. Remote sensing of sea surface temperature (SST) has served as an invaluable tool for monitoring physical conditions that can lead to bleaching events over relatively large scales (e.g. few kms to 100 s of kms). But, it is also well known that seawater temperatures within a site can vary significantly across depths due to the combined influence of solar heating of surface waters, water column thermal stratification, and cooling from internal waves and upwelling. We deployed small autonomous benthic temperature sensors at depths ranging from 0-40 m in fore reef, back reef, and lagoonal reef habitats on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System from 2000-2019. These data can be used to calculate depth-specific climatologies across reef depths and sites, and emphasize the dynamic and spatially-variable nature of coral reef physical environments.Published versio