The View of Language in the Theology of Rudolf Bultmann

Chapter I shall serve as a summary for this paper. I take the liberty of speaking in the first person in order to specify what my concern has been, and to summarize the conclusions I have reached, In this study I have attempted to determine what influence Rudolf Bultmann\u27s theology has had upon his usage of language. This attempt has led, simultaneously, to the characterization of his view of language. Finally, I have attempted a critical evaluation of his theology, and with it a concurrent evaluation of the view of language which finds its genesis within that theology

An Examination of the Logic of Religious Discourse with a View to Ascertaining the Impact of Linguistic Analysis Upon Contemporary Philosophy of Religion

This paper proposes to examine how linguistic analysis, together with its precursor logical positivism, has provoked a reassessment of the nature of religious discourse. The problem is accurately stated in two questions: (1) What are the challenges which analysis directs to the philosopher of religion in the area of religious language? (2) In what ways do the replies of the philosophers of religion relate to and illumine these challenges

The Qumran Meal and the Last Supper

The presence of communal meals among the Covenanters of Qumran has given birth to the question of the relationship of these meals to the Christian Eucharist as instituted by Jesus Christ. Kuhn notes that the Qumran texts, as well as Josephus, agree that this order had, as its peculiar features, the constantly repeated baths of immersion and the daily communal meal of the community. Josephus describes the meals of the Essenes (presently considered to be the mother group of the Qumran Convenanters)

Interaction: Ecumenism and Confessionalism

It is ironic that the contemporary confessional movement owes its origin, in part at least, to the ecumenical movement. Visser \u27t Hooft himself predicted that certain confessional and denominational retrenchments would occur after the first World Council of Churches convention at Amsterdam in 1948. Nor did he consider this a tragic development. The question of enduring significance was, what would follow next

Constitution and Specific Gravity of the Ternary Mattes Cu\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3eS-FeS-PbS.

The constitution of the ternary mattes CU2S-FeS-PbS has never been completely investigated. Fulton and Goodner 1) have investigated the binary mattes CU2S-FeS, CU2S-PbS, PbSFeS and have shown that the three binaries show eutectics. There has been no attempt however to draw the complete ternary diagram. The following work is intended to be a contribution toward the completion of this diagram by first of all pointing out those mattes which separate on melting into two layers, and second by determining the specific gravities of mattes of different compositions

Multi-Wavelength Implications of the Companion Star in Eta Carinae

Eta Carinae is considered to be a massive colliding wind binary system with a highly eccentric (e \sim 0.9), 5.54-yr orbit. However, the companion star continues to evade direct detection as the primary dwarfs its emission at most wavelengths. Using three-dimensional (3-D) SPH simulations of Eta Car's colliding winds and radiative transfer codes, we are able to compute synthetic observables across multiple wavebands for comparison to the observations. The models show that the presence of a companion star has a profound influence on the observed HST/STIS UV spectrum and H-alpha line profiles, as well as the ground-based photometric monitoring. Here, we focus on the Bore Hole effect, wherein the fast wind from the hot secondary star carves a cavity in the dense primary wind, allowing increased escape of radiation from the hotter/deeper layers of the primary's extended wind photosphere. The results have important implications for interpretations of Eta Car's observables at multiple wavelengths.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, To be published in the proceedings of the meeting 'Four Decades of Research on Massive Stars' in honor of Tony Moffat, 11-15 July 2011, Saint-Michel-des-Saints, Quebe

On the influence of the companion star in Eta Carinae: 2D radiative transfer modeling of the ultraviolet and optical spectra

We present 2D radiative transfer modeling of the Eta Carinae binary system accounting for the presence of a wind-wind collision (WWC) cavity carved in the optically-thick wind of the primary star. By comparing synthetic line profiles with HST/STIS spectra obtained near apastron, we show that the WWC cavity has a strong influence on multi-wavelength diagnostics. This influence is regulated by the modification of the optical depth in the continuum and spectral lines. We find that H-alpha, H-beta, and Fe II lines are the most affected by the WWC cavity, since they form over a large volume of the primary wind. These spectral lines depend on latitude and azimuth since, according to the orientation of the cavity, different velocity regions of a spectral line are affected. For 2D models with orientation corresponding to orbital inclination angle 110deg < i < 140deg and longitude of periastron 210deg < omega < 330deg, the blueshifted and zero-velocity regions of the line profiles are the most affected. These orbital orientations are required to simultaneously fit the UV and optical spectrum of Eta Car, for a half-opening angle of the cavity in the range 50-70deg. We find that the excess P-Cygni absorption seen in H-alpha, H-beta and optical Fe II lines in spherical models becomes much weaker or absent in the 2D models, in agreement with the observations. The observed UV spectrum of Eta Car, dominated by Fe II absorption lines, is superbly reproduced by our 2D cavity models. Small discrepancies still remain, as H-gamma and H-delta absorptions are overestimated by our models. We suggest that photoionization of the wind of the primary by the hot companion star is responsible for the weak absorption seen in these lines. Our CMFGEN models indicate that the primary star has a mass-loss rate of 8.5x10e-4 Msun/yr and wind terminal velocity of 420 km/s around the 2000 apastron.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Inferring the parallax of Westerlund 1 from Gaia DR2

Westerlund 1 (Wd1) is potentially the largest star cluster in the Galaxy. That designation critically depends upon the distance to the cluster, yet the cluster is highly obscured, making luminosity-based distance estimates difficult. Using {\it Gaia} Data Release 2 (DR2) parallaxes and Bayesian inference, we infer a parallax of $0.35^{+0.07}_{-0.06}$ mas corresponding to a distance of $2.6^{+0.6}_{-0.4}$ kpc. To leverage the combined statistics of all stars in the direction of Wd1, we derive the Bayesian model for a cluster of stars hidden among Galactic field stars; this model includes the parallax zero-point. Previous estimates for the distance to Wd1 ranged from 1.0 to 5.5 kpc, although values around 5 kpc have usually been adopted. The {\it Gaia} DR2 parallaxes reduce the uncertainty from a factor of 3 to 18\% and rules out the most often quoted value of 5 kpc with 99\% confidence. This new distance allows for more accurate mass and age determinations for the stars in Wd1. For example, the previously inferred initial mass at the main-sequence turn-off was around 40 M$_{\odot}$; the new {\it Gaia} DR2 distance shifts this down to about 22 M$_{\odot}$. This has important implications for our understanding of the late stages of stellar evolution, including the initial mass of the magnetar and the LBV in Wd1. Similarly, the new distance suggests that the total cluster mass is about four times lower than previously calculated.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figure

Crosstalk effects in microwave SQUID multiplexed TES bolometer readout

Transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers are broadly used for background-limited astrophysical measurements from the far-infrared to mm-waves. Many planned future instruments require increasingly large detector arrays, but their scalability is limited by their cryogenic readout electronics. Microwave SQUID multiplexing offers a highly capable scaling solution through the use of inherently broadband circuitry, enabling readout of hundreds to thousands of channels per microwave line. As with any multiplexing technique, the channelization mechanism gives rise to electrical crosstalk which must be understood and controlled so as to not degrade the instrument sensitivity. Here, we explore implications relevant for TES bolometer array applications, focusing in particular on upcoming mm-wave observatories such as the Simons Observatory and AliCPT. We model the relative contributions of the various underlying crosstalk mechanisms, evaluate the difference between fixed-tone and tone-tracking readout systems, and discuss ways in which crosstalk nonlinearity will complicate on-sky measurements.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physic