Rätten till en god utbildning: En studie om Gy 2011, jämlikhet och policydesign

This thesis explores the relationship between public policy and democratic values by analysing the 2011 Swedish upper secondary school reform from an equality perspective. It asks what ideas are present in the policy proposal and in what way these ideas have an impact on individuals and society. The questions are answered through integrating two analytical tools: the ”What’s the problem represented to be”-approach and two ideal types of equality. The analysis shows that the policy proposal uses reasoning consistent with the ideal type of equality stemming from theory of distributive justice, as opposed to the ideal type grounded in relational justice. It aims at providing the students with a more accessible degree by increasing specialisation and cutting time for foundation subjects on vocational programmes. This is promoted as a way of increasing employment rates but can be criticised from a relational point of view for not giving students equal amount of training in the general competences that are often emphasised as positive for democratic participation. The analysis concludes that implicit political ideas have an impact on policy design and its implications and that uncovering such ideas help discover both the possibilities and restrictions of a certain policy formulation

Ett exklusivt Europa? Om europeisk identitet, EU-medborgarskap och exkludering

This essay examines the European Union’s construction of a European identity. It aims to answer the questions of how the idea of a European identity manifests in EU politics and how this identity can lead to exclusion of certain groups. The questions are answered through the help of theories on citizenship and identity using models of European identity as points of comparison. The analysis concludes that the EU created European identity is characterised by universalism and thus based on common values and institutions. It is also manifested through certain actions made by the EU, among them the establishment of the Copenhagen criteria for accession to the union and the introduction of a EU-citizenship. While the universalistic nature of the identity is not excluding, the related citizenship is as it excludes for example migrants and the people of the states not granted membership in the union. A proposed solution is a shift to the principle of jus soli, thereby making inclusion in the European identity more easily accessible by granting citizenship to those born in European territory

Omvårdnad av valp med gastroenterit

Gastroenterit är ett av de vanligaste sjukdomstillstånden hos hundar och orsakerna till pro-blemet kan vara många. Virus, parasiter, bakterier, främmande kroppar, toxiner och foder-känslighet är några faktorer som kan leda till inflammation i magtarmkanalen. Valpar är den åldersgrupp som oftast drabbas av gastroenterit och på grund av outvecklade organfunktioner har de svårt att kompensera för de fysiologiska komplikationer som kan uppstå. På grund av outvecklad glukoneogenes, nedsatt förmåga att koncentrera urin och outvecklad termogenes drabbas valpar under sex månaders ålder lätt av hypoglykemi, dehydrering eller hypotermi. Syftet med detta arbete var att sammanställa evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder för valpar med gastroenterit och beskriva lämpliga rådgivningsaspekter till djurägare för att på så sätt öka det profylaktiska arbetet. Då valpar skiljer sig från den vuxna hunden på många sätt krävs att vården anpassas till dess särskilda behov, vilket djursjukskötaren behöver ha kunskap om. Omvårdnaden till valpar med gastroenterit består främst av understödjande behandling i form av vätsketerapi och näringstillförsel. Därtill ska en noggrann övervakning ske av vätskeba-lans, kroppstemperatur, elektrolytbalans och blodsockernivå. Flera studier som redovisas i arbetet visar att svält ska undvikas vid behandling av dessa patienter och att en tidig enteral utfodring istället kan ges för att påskynda läkningsprocessen. Djurägare ska rådas att hålla uppsikt över sin valp för att undvika förtäring av olämpligheter, på så sätt kan gastroenterit förebyggas. Även rådgivning kring vaccinering och avmaskning tillhör djursjukskötarens roll. Veterinärvård ska rekommenderas till valpar med ihållande kräkningar och diarré.A common condition affecting puppies is acute gastroenteritis. The causes can be many and include viruses, parasites, bacteria, foreign bodies, toxins and food sensibility. Puppies are the individuals who often suffer from gastroenteritis and because of undeveloped functions, they are unable to compensate for the physical complications that may arise. Due to the immaturity gluconeogenesis, impaired ability to concentrate urine and undeveloped thermogenesis, pup-pies under the age of six months are easily affected with hypoglycemia, dehydration or hypo-thermia. This thesis is done with the aim of compiling evidence-based nursing interventions for puppies with gastroenteritis and describes appropriate counseling aspects of owners to thus increase the prophylactic work. Where puppies differ from adults in many respects, the nursing process should be adapted to their specific needs. The veterinary nurse needs to have knowledge about this. Nursing care to puppies with gastroenteritis mainly include supportive therapy in form of flu-id therapy and nutrition. In addition, an accurate monitoring of fluid balance, body tempera-ture, electrolyte balance and blood sugar level should be made. Several studies presented in the thesis show that starvation is to be avoided when treating these patients and that an early enteral feeding can be conductive to prevent gastroenteritis. Pet owners should be advised to keep watch over their puppy to avoid ingestion of inappropriate devices, thus gastroenteritis can be prevented. Advices concerning also vaccinations and deworming belongs to the role of veterinary nurse. Puppies with persistent vomiting and diarrhea should be recommended to receive veterinary care

Transition, settlement and integration : recommendations for the design and development of a citizenship programme for Francophone immigrants in Quebec

This study is an exploration of the juncture of immigration, immigrant integration and adult citizenship education in the Province of Quebec. Some of the issues addressed revolve around the belief that many factors impact on immigrants' ability to integrate into Quebec society and that linguistic proximity is not sufficient to ensure smooth integration and full societal participation. For this reason, this study's emphasis is placed on the transitional learning needs of francophone immigrants integrating into Quebec society. Some of the areas explored are: Canadian and Quebec immigration policies, immigrant integration, theoretical propositions and approaches to immigrant education, and frameworks, practices and forms of adult citizenship education for immigrants. As it is believed that immigrants' transition, settlement and integration can be facilitated by participation in citizenship programmes, recommendations for the design and development of a citizenship programme for francophone immigrants are provided. This includes a discussion of programme objectives and evaluation, recommendations for the selection of a philosophical framework for programme design and delivery, and recommendations for the selection of andragogical practices. Conclusions are provided in the form of recommendations for a citizenship programme for francophone immigrants to Quebec. These recommendations include suggestions for three programme components: Life Skills: Day-to-Day Life; Civics: Rights and Responsibilities, and Critical Reflection. A fourth programme component for the non-immigrant segment of the population is also proposed. Suggestions in terms of adaptable modules for each of these components are provided

Forty years of shunt surgery at Rigshospitalet, Denmark:A retrospective study comparing past and present rates and causes of revision and infection

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to review our experience of shunt surgery by investigating 40 years of development in terms of rates of revision and infection, shunt survival and risk factors. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Medical records and operative reports were reviewed retrospectively for all patients who underwent primary shunt surgery at our department in the years 2010 to 2012. All results were compared with a previous study from our department. A mixed population consisting of 434 patients was included. Adults (≥15 years) accounted for 89.9% of all patients and the mean follow-up time was 1.71 years. RESULTS: Overall, 42.6% had a revision of which 65.4% fell within 6 months postoperatively. Low age, high-risk diagnoses and less severe brain injury were associated with a higher risk of revision. One and 5-year shunt survival probabilities were 66.2% (61.5–70.9) and 48.0% (41.1–54.9). Within 4 weeks postoperatively, 3.2% had an infection and overall infection rate was 5.5%. Short duration of surgery and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis were associated with a lower risk of infection. The most frequent causes of revision were valve defects (18.4%) and proximal defects or obstructions (15.7%). Compared to the previous study, no convincing improvement was found with regard to the revision rate (42.6% vs 48.3%, p 0.060) or overall infection rate (5.5% vs 7.4%, p 0.261). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of changes in patient demographics, techniques and equipment, risk of revision and infection still constitutes a major challenge in shunt surgery. The absence of convincing improvements calls for more studies concerning strategies to reduce complications

Värdefulla värdegrunder? - en studie om värdegrundens betydelse för undersköterskor vid äldreboenden i Lunds Kommun

Through media reports we became aware that several municipalities and organizations used the concept of fundamental values to show the approach to governing. Also through media, we became aware of a report which proposed a statutory national fundamental value for the elderly. We were curious about what was actually meant by the term fundamental values, and the effect it has, and the purpose of the study became to examine the importance of fundamental values in Lunds Kommuns eldercare. To achieve our purpose we interviewed eight auxiliary nurses in various homes for the elderly in Lunds Kommun. We then analysed their responses in relation to previous research and our two selected socio-critical theories. The results of the study showed that the fundamental values were prepared by the management without the auxiliary nurses' involvement. It also showed that the nurses felt that the fundamental values were important and that they claimed they worked in accordance to the fundamental values approach, even if they did not say that they used the concept as a guiding principle in their daily work. We also found that a statutory national fundamental value principle is believed to constitute a guarantee for the elders' welfare. However, we are critical of the latter as there already exists several laws that should be able to guarantee this. Because of the fundamental values diffuse content and poor anchorage; we believe that it exists only as a document without any actual impact of our respective respondent’s practical work

Integrering av klimatanpassning i kommunala risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser

This study examines the integration of climate adaption in risk and vulnerability analyses in Swedish municipalities. The study is based on a selection of municipalities that work actively with environmental questions. The risk and vulnerability analyses of 15 municipalities have been compiled and analyzed. Interviews have been carried out in three of the municipalities. Among the selected municipalities 40 percent have integrated climate adaption in the risk and vulnerability analysis. Different methods and tools have been used in the process and there are examples of successful integration of climate adaption through locally developed methods. Research data from municipal climate adaptation plans have been helpful in the process of integrating climate adaptation in the risk and vulnerability analyses. The integration is often a natural consequence of the fact that climate-related risks have been given attention in the municipality.Många svenska kommuner är inte förberedda inför klimatförändringarna. I bedömningen av vilka kritiska händelser som kan inträffa i kommunen har få uppmärksammat effekterna av ett förändrat klimat. Det visar ett examens-arbete på Lunds tekniska högskola. Klimatförändringarna bär med sig effekter som kraftigare regnväder, översvämningar och höjda havsnivåer. Svenska kommuner ansvarar för verksamheter som är mycket betydelsefulla för samhället och som kan påverkas av ett förändrat klimat. För att undvika att klimatförändringarna får stora negativa konsekvenser är det viktigt att kommunerna klimatanpassar. Enligt lag ska alla kommuner analysera vilka extraordinära händelser som kan inträffa i kommunen och hur dessa händelser kan påverka den egna verksamheten. Arbetet sammanställs i en risk- och sårbarhetsanalys. Risk- och sårbarhetsanalysen är ett bra verktyg för klimatanpassning. Som ett första steg i att hantera klimatförändringar analyseras riskernas påverkan på samhället. Att riskerna uppmärksammas kan sedan leda till åtgärder som minskar sårbarheten. I studien har risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser från kommuner som arbetar aktivt med miljö-arbete undersökts. Endast 40 procent av dessa integrerar klimatanpassning i risk- och sårbarhetsanalysen. Ett engagemang för miljöfrågor är en bidragande faktor till att kommuner arbetar med klimatanpassning. Det betyder att svenska kommuner i genomsnitt berör klimatförändringar i risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna i ännu lägre grad än de kommuner som undersökts. Endast ett fåtal svenska kommuner har alltså uppmärksammat att klimatförändringar kan leda till kritiska händelser i kommunen och tagit hänsyn till detta i risk- och sårbarhets-analysen. Mycket tyder dock på att arbetet är på framfart. Goda exempel på kommuner som lyckats väl med att ta hänsyn till klimatförändringar har uppmärksammats i studien. Dessa kommuner har utformat sin risk- och sårbarhetsanalys för att ge utrymme för längre tidsperspektiv. Lokala klimatscenarier för år 2100 har tagits fram av SMHI och använts för att bedöma klimatförändringarnas effekter på kommunen. I kommunerna upplever man att det fått positiva effekter att inkludera klimat-anpassning i arbetet med risk- och sårbarhetsanalysen. En kommun uppger, till exempel, att arbetet gjort politiker och tjänstemän mer uppmärksamma på vilka effekter klimatförändringarna kan få på samhället. En annan kommun uppger att integrering av klimatanpassning är positivt eftersom det leder till att beslut fattas om hur riskerna ska hanteras. De kommuner som integrerat klimat-anpassning i risk- och sårbarhetsanalysen har gjort det genom att beröra naturolyckor. Kommunerna har undersökt hur förekomsten av dessa samt dess påverkan på samhället kommer att förändras. De naturolyckor som oftast berörs är översvämning, extrem nederbörd, värmebölja, storm samt erosion, ras och skred. I arbetet har vissa kommuner haft hjälp av verktyg för klimatanpassning. Data från respektive länsstyrelse, SMHI och Klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen (SOU 2007:60) har använts och det är vanligt att underlag från kommunens arbete med klimat-anpassningsplanen varit till nytta. Som tips till andra kommuner säger en intervjuperson ”integrera klimatperspektivet i RSA:n – det tjänar man väldigt mycket på!”. Sofia Johansson Lisa Wallin 2015-04-0

Nerdery, Snobbery and Connoisseurship : Developing conceptual clarity within the area of refined consumption

As consumers in Western consumer culture have increasingly turned from high cultural to low cultural consumption categories to cultivate themselves, the meanings of the traditional and socio-cultural concepts used to represent different forms of consumer expertise have been blurred or altered. Drawing upon sociocultural literature on taste and distinction we attempt to provide theoretical clarity to the concepts of connoisseurship, snobbery, and nerdery; concepts that are often used interchangeably and without rigor in both (contemporary) popular and academic discourse. The outcome of our conceptual analysis is concretised using a semiotic square to illustrate how the concepts differ from each other. Our analysis suggests that the democratisation of consumption through the imprinting of status meanings upon traditionally illegitimate cultural objects may lead to the “bastardisation” of taste regarding those same illegitimate cultural categories – a performance formerly restricted to high culture