Relativ feilprising mellom A- og B-aksjer - en studie av nordiske aksjepar

Masteroppgave i bedriftsøkonomi - Universitetet i Nordland, 201

Pain management to patients with opioid dependence

Bachelor sykepleie, 2018Bakgrunn: Smerter er den vanligste årsaken til å oppsøke helsehjelp. Bruk av opioider er svært avhengighetsskapende og i tillegg øker risikoen for somatiske komplikasjoner ved langvarig bruk av opioider. Dermed er det en sannsynlighet for at sykepleier vil møte opioidavhengige i løpet av sin yrkeskarriere. Hensikt: Vi ønsker å belyse hvordan kunnskaper og holdninger påvirker smertelindring til opioidavhengige. Problemstilling: Hvordan kan vi som sykepleier påvirke smertelindring til opioidavhengige? Metode: For å besvare problemstillingen benyttes litteraturstudie som metode. Litteraturstudie innebærer at man ser på eksisterende kunnskap, til dette benyttes pensumlitteratur, selvvalg litteratur og relevant forskning. I tillegg trekkes praksiserfaring trekkes inn. Resultat: I dag er det bedre holdninger til opioidavhengige enn tidligere, men fremdeles finnes det en del negative holdninger blant sykepleiere. I tillegg møter vi en rekke fysiologiske utfordringer ved smertelindring til opioidavhengige. Sykepleiere føler de trenger med kunnskap og kompetanse for å ivareta denne pasientgruppen. Konklusjon: Med mer kunnskap og bedre holdninger kan sykepleiere være må på å sikre en bedre smertelindring til opioidavhengige. Ved å møte pasienten med respekt og åpenhet skapes tillit som resulterer i et bedre samarbeid mellom pasient og sykepleier

Susceptibility and pathology in juvenile atlantic cod gadus morhua to a marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from diseased rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss

The first known outbreak caused by a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) strain of genotype III in rainbow trout occurred in 2007 at a marine farm in Storfjorden, Norway. The source of the virus is unknown, and cod and other marine fish around the farms are suspected as a possible reservoir. The main objective of this study was to test the susceptibility of juvenile Atlantic cod to the VHSV isolate from Storfjorden. As the pathology of VHS in cod is sparsely described, an additional aim of the study was to give a histopathological description of the disease. Two separate challenge experiments were carried out, using both intra peritoneal (ip) injection and cohabitation as challenge methods. Mortality in the ip injection experiment leveled at approximately 50% three weeks post challenge. Both immunohistochemical and rRT-PCR analysis of organs sampled from diseased and surviving fish confirmed VHSV infection. No VHSV was detected in the cohabitants. The results indicate that Atlantic cod has a low natural susceptibility to this VHSV genotype III strain. One of the most extensive pathological changes was degeneration of cardiac myocytes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the lesions were related to VHSV. In some fish, the hematopoietic tissue of spleen and kidney showed degeneration and immunostaining, classical signs of VHS, as described in rainbow trout. Positive immunostaining of the capillaries of the gills, suggests this organ as a useful alternative when screening for VHSV.publishedVersio

In vivo expression and purification of aptamer-tagged small RNA regulators

Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are an emerging class of post-transcriptional regulators of bacterial gene expression. To study sRNAs and their potential protein interaction partners, it is desirable to purify sRNAs from cells in their native form. Here, we used RNA-based affinity chromatography to purify sRNAs following their expression as aptamer-tagged variants in vivo. To this end, we developed a family of plasmids to express sRNAs with any of three widely used aptamer sequences (MS2, boxB, eIF4A), and systematically tested how the aptamer tagging impacted on intracellular accumulation and target regulation of the Salmonella GcvB, InvR or RybB sRNAs. In addition, we successfully tagged the chromosomal rybB gene with MS2 to observe that RybB-MS2 is fully functional as an envelope stress-induced repressor of ompN mRNA following induction of sigmaE. We further demonstrate that the common sRNA-binding protein, Hfq, co-purifies with MS2-tagged sRNAs of Salmonella. The presented affinity purification strategy may facilitate the isolation of in vivo assembled sRNA–protein complexes in a wide range of bacteria

Lipolysis drives expression of the constitutively active receptor GPR3 to induce adipose thermogenesis

Thermogenic adipocytes possess a therapeutically appealing, energy-expending capacity, which is canonically cold-induced by ligand-dependent activation of β-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we uncover an alternate paradigm of GPCR-mediated adipose thermogenesis through the constitutively active receptor, GPR3. We show that the N terminus of GPR3 confers intrinsic signaling activity, resulting in continuous Gs-coupling and cAMP production without an exogenous ligand. Thus, transcriptional induction of Gpr3 represents the regulatory parallel to ligand-binding of conventional GPCRs. Consequently, increasing Gpr3 expression in thermogenic adipocytes is alone sufficient to drive energy expenditure and counteract metabolic disease in mice. Gpr3 transcription is cold-stimulated by a lipolytic signal, and dietary fat potentiates GPR3-dependent thermogenesis to amplify the response to caloric excess. Moreover, we find GPR3 to be an essential, adrenergic-independent regulator of human brown adipocytes. Taken together, our findings reveal a noncanonical mechanism of GPCR control and thermogenic activation through the lipolysis-induced expression of constitutively active GPR3.ISSN:0092-8674ISSN:1097-417

Marine faunas of the Preboreal stage in the Oslo area

The early Holocene marine faunas of the Oslo area were studied in classical works by Brøgger (1901) and others, but there has been relatively little research in recent decades. Classical fossil localities near the marine limit at ca. 220m above sea level around Oslo are now difficult to localize, overgrown or completely lost and it is difficult to collect new material. However, the material of Brøgger, Øyen and others can be studied in the extensive Quaternary collections of the Natural History Museum in Oslo. The historical locality in Skådalen at the marine limit, new datings of Mytilus edulis 10,260 ± 70 14C years and Balanus 6200 ± 40 14C years were done in this thesis. Both samples seemingly from the same locality but the ages do not correspond. Holtedahl (1960) encountered the same problem when dating the same locality. For the Sognsvann locality Mytilus edulis were dated 10,150 ± 70 14C years, corresponding well with the timeline created in this thesis, both Sognsvann and Skådalen samples are seemingly collected outside the main ridges of the Aker substage. Also, Vardeåsen, Nesodden locality, Mya were dated 9915 ± 50 14C years. CT scanning, isotope profiling (ẟ18O) and LA-ICPMS analysis were performed on Mytilus edulis from the Skådalen and Sognsvann locality showing evidence of freshwater input and seasonal changes in Ba values correspond well with seasonal changes in ẟ18O. SEM imaging of ostracods from the Sognsvann location made it possible to identify species and further enhance the possibility of freshwater input, placing the locality close to the ice front. The Preboreal Oscillation is suggested to be related to either the Ås – Ski substage or the Aker substage, the connection with the Aker substage being more likely