Finlaysonin tasa-arvokampanjan vastaanotto Facebookissa kuluttajien argumentoinnin näkökulmasta

Sosiaalinen media tarjoaa kuluttajille samoin kuin yrityksille mahdollisuuden vuorovaikutukseen. Yritykset eivät kuitenkaan näytä huomioivan tätä sosiaalisen median tarjoamaa mahdollisuutta vastuullisuusviestinnässään. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Finlaysonin sosiaalisessa ja perinteisessä mediassa paljon huomiota saanutta tasa-arvokampanjaa, joka toimii Suomessa esimerkkinä rohkeasta vastuullisuusviestinnästä. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tarkastella, miten kuluttajat argumentoivat yrityksen sosiaalisessa mediassa tapahtuvaa vastuullisuusviestintää. Tämän lisäksi tavoitteena oli tarkastella sitä, millaisista teemoista kuluttajat keskustelivat sekä millainen argumentointi synnytti vuorovaikutusta kuluttajien välille. Aineisto koostuu 514 kommentista, joita kuluttajat julkaisivat Finlaysonin tasa-arvokampanjaa koskevaan Facebook-postaukseen. Kommenttien lisäksi aineisto koostuu myös kuluttajien julkaisemista reaktioista. Aineistoa analysoitiin sekä laadullisesti että määrällisesti. Tutkielman tulosten mukaan Finlayson onnistui herättämään tasa-arvokampanjallaan paljon keskustelua Facebookissa ja keskustelunaiheet vaihtelivat vastuullisuusviestinnän riittämättömyydestä laajempaan yhteiskunnalliseen keskusteluun.Tulosten mukaan kuluttajat argumentoivat kampanjaa omilla kokemuksillaan sekä nojaten perinteisen median tuottamaan sisältöön. Vastuullisuusviestintä näytti myös kommenttien perusteella henkilöityvän Finlaysonin toimitusjohtaja Jukka Kuttilaan. Tulosten perusteella näyttäisi, että yritys voi luoda keskustelua vastuullisuusviestinnällään sille tärkeistä teemoista sosiaalisessa mediassa ja kuluttajat ovat valmiita osallistumaan keskusteluun yhteiskuntavastuullisista teemoista

Finlaysonin tasa-arvokampanjan vastaanotto Facebookissa kuluttajien argumentoinnin näkökulmasta

Sosiaalinen media tarjoaa kuluttajille samoin kuin yrityksille mahdollisuuden vuorovaikutukseen. Yritykset eivät kuitenkaan näytä huomioivan tätä sosiaalisen median tarjoamaa mahdollisuutta vastuullisuusviestinnässään. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Finlaysonin sosiaalisessa ja perinteisessä mediassa paljon huomiota saanutta tasa-arvokampanjaa, joka toimii Suomessa esimerkkinä rohkeasta vastuullisuusviestinnästä. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tarkastella, miten kuluttajat argumentoivat yrityksen sosiaalisessa mediassa tapahtuvaa vastuullisuusviestintää. Tämän lisäksi tavoitteena oli tarkastella sitä, millaisista teemoista kuluttajat keskustelivat sekä millainen argumentointi synnytti vuorovaikutusta kuluttajien välille. Aineisto koostuu 514 kommentista, joita kuluttajat julkaisivat Finlaysonin tasa-arvokampanjaa koskevaan Facebook-postaukseen. Kommenttien lisäksi aineisto koostuu myös kuluttajien julkaisemista reaktioista. Aineistoa analysoitiin sekä laadullisesti että määrällisesti. Tutkielman tulosten mukaan Finlayson onnistui herättämään tasa-arvokampanjallaan paljon keskustelua Facebookissa ja keskustelunaiheet vaihtelivat vastuullisuusviestinnän riittämättömyydestä laajempaan yhteiskunnalliseen keskusteluun.Tulosten mukaan kuluttajat argumentoivat kampanjaa omilla kokemuksillaan sekä nojaten perinteisen median tuottamaan sisältöön. Vastuullisuusviestintä näytti myös kommenttien perusteella henkilöityvän Finlaysonin toimitusjohtaja Jukka Kuttilaan. Tulosten perusteella näyttäisi, että yritys voi luoda keskustelua vastuullisuusviestinnällään sille tärkeistä teemoista sosiaalisessa mediassa ja kuluttajat ovat valmiita osallistumaan keskusteluun yhteiskuntavastuullisista teemoista

Male-female Coevolution in Bruchid Seed Beetles

Male-female coevolution is at the heart of biology. It is responsible for much of the diversity we see in behaviour and morphology, and it is thought to be an important engine of speciation. The pattern of intersexual coevolution is well established in many taxa, yet understanding of the processes responsible for male-female coevolution remains incomplete. By studying interspecific variation within a closely related group of species, we can gain important information about how traits and behaviours have evolved. In the work done for this thesis, we studied a group of seed beetle species. Our results show that male-female coevolution has been a strong force in shaping both behaviour and morphological traits that are associated with mating and reproduction such as, morphology of male and female genitalia and remating behaviour. The evolution of harmful male genitalia has often been suggested to be a product of sexually antagonistic coevolution, but understanding of these extraordinary adaptations is limited. By combining comparative and experimental methods we show that as seed beetle males evolve more spiny genitalia, harm to females is elevated. We provide evidence for the correlated evolution between these antagonistic adaptations in males, and a female counter adaptation (the amount of connective tissue in the copulatory duct). We also demonstrate that imbalance of relative armament of the sexes affects evolution of the costs and benefits of reproduction. As males evolve genitalia that are more harmful relative to the level of female counteradaptation, costs associated with mating for females increase and population fitness is depressed. Our results unveil a coevolutionary arms race between the sexes and are consistent with a proposed link between sexual conflict, species’ viability and the risk of extinction

Female-specific resource limitation does not make the opportunity for selection more female biased

Competition for limiting resources and stress can magnify variance in fitness and therefore selection. But even in a common environment, the strength of selection can differ across the sexes, as their fitness is often limited by different factors. Indeed, most taxa show stronger selection in males, a bias often ascribed to intense competition for access to mating partners. This sex bias could reverberate on many aspects of evolution, from speed of adaptation to genome evolution. It is unclear, however, whether stronger opportunity for selection in males is a pattern robust to sex-specific stress or resource limitation. We test this in the model speciesCallosobruchus maculatusby comparing female and male opportunity for selection (i) with and without limitation of quality oviposition sites, and (ii) under delayed age at oviposition. Decreasing the abundance of the resource key to females or increasing their reproductive age was challenging, as shown by a reduction in mean fitness, but opportunity for selection remained stronger in males across all treatments, and even more so when oviposition sites were limiting. This suggests that males remain the more variable sex independent of context, and that the opportunity for selection through males is indirectly affected by female-specific resource limitation

Within-species divergence in the seminal fluid proteome and its effect on male and female reproduction in a beetle

Background: Male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs), transferred to females during mating, are important reproductive proteins that have multifarious effects on female reproductive physiology and that often show remarkably rapid and divergent evolution. Inferences regarding natural selection on SFPs are based primarily on interspecific comparative studies, and our understanding of natural within-species variation in SFPs and whether this relates to reproductive phenotypes is very limited. Here, we introduce an empirical strategy to study intraspecific variation in and selection upon the seminal fluid proteome. We then apply this in a study of 15 distinct populations of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Results: Phenotypic assays of these populations showed significant differences in reproductive phenotypes (male success in sperm competition and male ability to stimulate female fecundity). A quantitative proteomic study of replicated samples of male accessory glands revealed a large number of potential SFPs, of which >= 127 were found to be transferred to females at mating. Moreover, population divergence in relative SFP abundance across populations was large and remarkably multidimensional. Most importantly, variation in male SFP abundance across populations was associated with male sperm competition success and male ability to stimulate female egg production. Conclusions: Our study provides the first direct evidence for postmating sexual selection on standing intraspecific variation in SFP abundance and the pattern of divergence across populations in the seminal fluid proteome match the pattern predicted by the postmating sexual selection paradigm for SFP evolution. Our findings provide novel support for the hypothesis that sexual selection on SFPs is an important engine of incipient speciation

Within-species divergence in the seminal fluid proteome and its effect on male and female reproduction in a beetle

Background: Male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs), transferred to females during mating, are important reproductive proteins that have multifarious effects on female reproductive physiology and that often show remarkably rapid and divergent evolution. Inferences regarding natural selection on SFPs are based primarily on interspecific comparative studies, and our understanding of natural within-species variation in SFPs and whether this relates to reproductive phenotypes is very limited. Here, we introduce an empirical strategy to study intraspecific variation in and selection upon the seminal fluid proteome. We then apply this in a study of 15 distinct populations of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Results: Phenotypic assays of these populations showed significant differences in reproductive phenotypes (male success in sperm competition and male ability to stimulate female fecundity). A quantitative proteomic study of replicated samples of male accessory glands revealed a large number of potential SFPs, of which >= 127 were found to be transferred to females at mating. Moreover, population divergence in relative SFP abundance across populations was large and remarkably multidimensional. Most importantly, variation in male SFP abundance across populations was associated with male sperm competition success and male ability to stimulate female egg production. Conclusions: Our study provides the first direct evidence for postmating sexual selection on standing intraspecific variation in SFP abundance and the pattern of divergence across populations in the seminal fluid proteome match the pattern predicted by the postmating sexual selection paradigm for SFP evolution. Our findings provide novel support for the hypothesis that sexual selection on SFPs is an important engine of incipient speciation

Male Seminal Fluid Substances Affect Sperm Competition Success and Female Reproductive Behavior in a Seed Beetle

Male seminal fluid proteins are known to affect female reproductive behavior and physiology by reducing mating receptivity and by increasing egg production rates. Such substances are also though to increase the competitive fertilization success of males, but the empirical foundation for this tenet is restricted. Here, we examined the effects of injections of size-fractioned protein extracts from male reproductive organs on both male competitive fertilization success (i.e., P2 in double mating experiments) and female reproduction in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We found that extracts of male seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts increased competitive fertilization success when males mated with females 1 day after the females' initial mating, while extracts from accessory glands and testes increased competitive fertilization success when males mated with females 2 days after the females' initial mating. Moreover, different size fractions of seminal fluid proteins had distinct and partly antagonistic effects on male competitive fertilization success. Collectively, our experiments show that several different seminal fluid proteins, deriving from different parts in the male reproductive tract and of different molecular weight, affect male competitive fertilization success in C. maculatus. Our results highlight the diverse effects of seminal fluid proteins and show that the function of such proteins can be contingent upon female mating status. We also document effects of different size fractions on female mating receptivity and egg laying rates, which can serve as a basis for future efforts to identify the molecular identity of seminal fluid proteins and their function in this model species

Analysis of butterfly reproductive proteins using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

A method for analysis of proteins from spermatophores transferred from male to female Pieris napi butterflies during mating has been developed. The proteins were solubilized from the dissected spermatophores using different solubilization agents (water, methanol, acetonitrile and hexafluoroisopropanol). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis was performed using an acidic background electrolyte containing a fluorosurfactant to avoid protein-wall adsorption, and to increase separation performance. The samples were also analyzed with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), in a lower m/z range (1000-6000) and a higher m/z range (6000-12000). Solubilization with different solvents and the use of alternative matrices gave partly complementary profiles

Yamane et al data

Data file containing all primary data; provided by T Yamane

Complex mitonuclear interactions and metabolic costs of mating in male seed beetles

The lack of evolutionary response to selection on mitochondrial genes through males predicts the evolution of nuclear genetic influence on male-specific mitochondrial function, for example by gene duplication and evolution of sex-specific expression of paralogs involved in metabolic pathways. Intergenomic epistasis may therefore be a prevalent feature of the genetic architecture of male-specific organismal function. Here, we assess the role of mitonuclear genetic variation for male metabolic phenotypes [metabolic rate and respiratory quotient (RQ)] associated with ejaculate renewal, in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, by assaying lines with crossed combinations of distinct mitochondrial haplotypes and nuclear lineages. We found a significant increase in metabolic rate following mating relative to virgin males. Moreover, processes associated with ejaculate renewal showed variation in metabolic rate that was affected by mitonuclear interactions. Mitochondrial haplotype influenced mating-related changes in RQ, but this pattern varied over time. Mitonuclear genotype and the energy spent during ejaculate production affected the weight of the ejaculate, but the strength of this effect varied across mitochondrial haplotypes showing that the genetic architecture of male-specific reproductive function is complex. Our findings unveil hitherto underappreciated metabolic costs of mating and ejaculate renewal, and provide the first empirical demonstration of mitonuclear epistasis on male reproductive metabolic processes