El estatuto jurídico de las fuerzas armadas

 The 8th article of the Spanish Constitution lists the missions of the Armed Forces. These Armed Forces are an Administration with special features relative to personnel legal regulations, operative procedures, values, targets and purposes. This article tries to go through the Army legal regulations, underlining the analysis of its nature and missions in order to update the current legal literature. To sum it up, a big addition of missions to the «status quo» of the Armed Forces recently happened, brought as a result of the international integration of Spain; and, secondly, the Armed Forces may be considered as an «institutional Administration». The 8th article of the Spanish Constitution lists the missions of the Armed Forces. These Armed Forces are an Administration with special features relative to personnel legal regulations, operative procedures, values, targets and purposes. This article tries to go through the Army legal regulations, underlining the analysis of its nature and missions in order to update the current legal literature. To sum it up, a big addition of missions to the «status quo» of the Armed Forces recently happened, brought as a result of the international integration of Spain; and, secondly, the Armed Forces may be considered as an «institutional Administration».El artículo 8 de la Constitución Española enumera las misiones de las Fuerzas Armadas. Éstas constituyen una Administración con singularidades en materia de régimen de personal, procedimientos operativos, valores, objetivos y funciones. En el presente artículo revisamos, con ánimo de actualizar la literatura jurídica existente, el régimen jurídico de las Fuerzas Armadas, poniendo especial énfasis en el análisis de su naturaleza y de sus misiones. De ello concluimos, una gran ampliación de éstas últimas, fruto de la incorporación de España a la esfera internacional y en segundo lugar, la configuración de una naturaleza administrativa con connotaciones institucionales

The London Charter and the Seville Principles as sources of requirements for e-archaeology systems development purposes

[EN] Requirements engineering (RE) is a discipline of critical importance in software development. This paper provides a process and a set of software artefacts to help in the production of e-archaeology systems with emphasis on requirements reuse and standards. In particular, two important guidelines in the field of earchaeology, the London Charter and the Principles of Seville, have been shown as two sources of requirements to be considered as a starting point for developing this type of systems.[ES] La Ingeniería de Requisitos (IR) es una disciplina de importancia crítica en el desarrollo de software. Este artículo proporciona un proceso y un conjunto de artefactos software para ayudar en la producción de sistemas de e-arqueología con énfasis en reutilización de requisitos y estándares. En particular, dos guías relevantes en el campo de la e-arqueología, la Carta de Londres y los Principios de Sevilla, se han mostrado como dos fuentes de requisitos a tener en cuenta como punto de partida para el desarrollo de este tipo de sistemas.This research is part of the project PEGASO-PANGEA (TIN2009-13718-C02-02), financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain).Carrillo Gea, JM.; Toval, A.; Fernández Alemán, JL.; Nicolás, J.; Flores, M. (2013). The London Charter and the Seville Principles as sources of requirements for e-archaeology systems development purposes. Virtual Archaeology Review. 4(9):205-211. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4275OJS20521149CH'NG, E. et al. (2011): "From sites to landscapes: how computing technology is shaping archaeological practice", en Computer, vol. 44, n. 7, pp. 40-46.COS, J.A. et al. (2012): "Internationalization requirements for e-learning audit purposes", en Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON 2012, pp. 90-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/educon.2012.6201027GLASS, R.L. (2002): Software engineering: facts and fallacies. Addison-Wesley. Boston.GREENFIELD, J. and SHORT, K. (2004): Software factories: assembling applications with patterns, models, frameworks, and tools. Wiley. Indianapolis.KÄKÖLÄ, T. and DUEÑAS, J.C. (Eds.) (2006): Software Product Lines. Research issues in engineering and management. Springer. Berlin Heidelberg. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33253-4TOVAL, A. et al. (2002): "Requirements reuse for improving information systems security: a practitioner's approach", en REJ Requirements Engineering Journal, vol. 6, n. 4, pp. 205-219.TOVAL, A. et al. (2008): "Eight key issues for an effective reuse-based requirements process", en IJCSSE International Journal of Computer Systems Science and Engineering, vol. 23, n. 6, pp. 373-385.TOVAL, A. et al. (2011): "Learning systems development using reusable standard-based requirements catalogs", en Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON 2011, pp. 907- 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/educon.2011.577325

Phytotoxicity of sewage sludge biochars prepared at different pyrolysis conditions

6 Pags.- 8 Figs.- 3 Tabls. Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).Pyrolysis of sewage sludge was carried out at three different lab-scale reactors and conditions: an Auger reactor for sewage sludge pyrolysis at low temperature (300ºC), a stirred batch reactor (530ºC) and a fluidised bed reactor (530ºC). The starting material is anaerobically digested and thermally dried sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant located in Spain. A preliminary study to assess the feasibility of application to soil of the three biochars was performed using two germination tests and a greenhouse experiment. Water soluble compounds from biochar did not affect seed germination, but volatile compounds reduced germination of more sensitive seeds. Biochar applied to soil at agricultural rates (20 t/ha) reduced growth and development of a corn crop. No differential effects of the three pyrolysis conditions were found.The Authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) for the Project CTQ2013-47260-R.Peer reviewe

Estudio de la obtención de sólidos adsorbentes a partir de subproductos de origen animal y de la proteína de colágeno

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la pirólisis de harinas cárnicas así como la de uno de sus componentes principales, el colágeno. Para ello se han hecho estudios de pirólisis a tres temperaturas distintas: 350ºC, 550ºC y 750ºC con la finalidad de estudiar el comportamiento de cada uno de los productos obtenidos, en especial la fracción sólida, el char. Se han caracterizado los distintos productos de pirólisis y se ha estudiado la capacidad de adsorción de CO2 sobre cada char obtenido en los experimentos de pirólisis.<br /

Cooperative learning of requirements engineering through an international educational scenario enabled by the MOY programme

The International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research of the Region of Murcia, and the Mediterranean Office for Youth (MOY) programme are new initiatives that offer opportunities for designing educational activities in which can take part international students enrolled in academic degrees at different universities. Besides, a significant rise in distributed and collaborative software development has been observed in recent years (Global Software Development, GSD), which involves space, time and socio-cultural distances and requires new techniques, tools and practices to meet new challenges and opportunities. In addition, poor requirements are one of the most common causes of project failure in any domain. Projects which devote more resources to Requirements Engineering (RE) result in lower costs and lower deviations of their planning. Therefore, the relevance of education and training the future systems and software professionals in RE activities and techniques, in particular in GSD environments, must be stressed. We have conducted an educational innovation activity based on teaching RE in co-located and GSD contexts. This activity has been carried out in the form of an experiment with students. This paper presents the scenario in which this educational activity is framed as well as some preliminary results of this experiment

CO2 adsorption on pyrolysis char from protein-containing livestock waste: How do proteins affect?

Biogas generation through anaerobic digestion provides an interesting opportunity to valorize some types of animal waste materials whose management is increasingly complicated by legal and environmental restrictions. To successfully expand anaerobic digestion in livestock areas, operational issues such as digestate management must be addressed in an economical and environmentally sustainable way. Biogas upgrading is another necessary stage before intending it to add-value applications. The high concentration of CO2 in biogas results in a reduced caloric value, so the removal of CO2 would be beneficial for most end-users. The current work evaluates the CO2 uptake properties (thermogravimetry study) of low-cost adsorbent materials produced from the animal wastes generated in the livestock area itself, specifically via pyrolysis of poorly biodegradable materials, such as meat and bone meal, and the digestate from manure anaerobic digestion. Therefore, the new element in this study with respect to other studies found in the literature related to biochar-based CO2 adsorption performance is the presence of high content of pyrolyzed proteins in the adsorbent material. In this work, pyrolyzed chars from both meat and bone meal and co-digested manure have been proven to adsorb CO2 reversibly, and also the chars produced from their representative pure proteins (collagen and soybean protein), which were evaluated as model compounds for a better understanding of the individual performance of proteins. The ultra-microporosity developed in the protein chars during pyrolysis seems to be the main explanation for such CO2 uptake capacities, while neither the BET surface area nor N-functionalities on the char surface can properly explain the observed results. Although the CO2 adsorption capacities of these pristine chars (6–41.0 mg CO2/g char) are far away from data of commercially activated carbons (~80 mg CO2/g char), this application opens a new via to integrate and valorize these wastes in the circular economy of the primary sector

Criterios de Centor modificados por MacIsaac y su eficacia diagnóstica y terapéutica en faringoamigdalitis aguda en niños, Revisión sistemática

Introducción y objetivo: La faringoamigdalitis aguda de etiología bacteriana requiere tratamiento antibiótico, los criterios de Centor modificados por McIsaac son una herramienta de predicción clínica útil para identificar a los pacientes con faringoamigdalitis bacteriana cuya etiología es causada por Estreptococo β-Hemolítico del Grupo A. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar la evidencia médica disponible y accesible sobre la eficacia terapéutica de los criterios de Centor modificados por MacIsaac y utilizados para el diagnóstico e inicio de tratamiento antibiótico en faringoamigdalitis aguda en niños. Diseño metodológico: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en la base de datos MEDILINE a través del metabuscador PUBMED, utilizando los siguientes tesauros en la estrategia de búsqueda “preescolares” AND “Diagnóstico” AND “Faringitis” OR “amigdalitis”. Se emplearon como criterios de inclusión artículos científicos publicados entre 2005-2020, sin restricción de idiomas, con diseño metodológico analítico transversal, cohorte. Los siguientes criterios de exclusión: estudio duplicados y publicados fuera del periodo de estudio y búsqueda, estudios con deficiente calidad metodológica tras aplicar la herramienta STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology). Resultados Se incluyeron 9 artículos, los cuales cumplieron con más de diez ítems contenidos en la herramienta STROBE. La evidencia incluida en dos investigaciones menciona la importancia de la utilización de estos criterios como filtro para diferenciar a los pacientes con faringoamigdalitis bacteriana de la vírica, haciendo hincapié en su utilidad para fundamentar la prescripción antibiótica en los pacientes. Cinco artículos mencionan que deben utilizarse de manera complementaria con pruebas paraclínicas para confirmar el diagnóstico certero de infección estreptocócica. Dos investigaciones demostraron que la anamnesis y exploración son importantes para el diagnóstico, pero no suficientes, evidenciando que los pacientes pediátricos que cumplían tres o más criterios tienen aproximadamente dos veces más riesgo de infección estreptocócica. Conclusiones: La probabilidad de tener una infección estreptocócica aumenta a medida que se cumplen los criterios de Centor modificados por MacIsaac por lo que el clínico debe consignar en el expediente un examen orofaríngeo exhaustivo para evaluar la presencia o ausencia de estos criterios, los cuales debe complementar con las pruebas paraclínicas para un diagnóstico certero

Influence of NH3 CO2 activation on the CO2 H2S adsorption capacity of cellulose char

Anaerobic co-digestion is an attractive opportunity for the energetic valorization of several organic residues generated in the livestock and agricultural sector. A combustible biogas is obtained, that could be used as a source of energy on the farm. The biogas is mainly composed of CH4, CO2 and trace amounts of other components such as H2S. However, to reduce gas emissions&nbsp; and broaden the application of biogas as a fuel or as bio-methane, the concentration of CO2 and H2S must be decreased.&nbsp;This study examines the effect of NH3 functionalization and/or CO2 activation (at 700&nbsp;ºC) of cellulose pyrolysis chars (produced at 750&nbsp;ºC) on the adsorption of CO2 and H2S from a gas stream

Non-Invasive monitoring of diaphragmatic timing by means of surface contact sensors: An experimental study in dogs

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive monitoring of respiratory muscle function is an area of increasing research interest, resulting in the appearance of new monitoring devices, one of these being piezoelectric contact sensors. The present study was designed to test whether the use of piezoelectric contact (non-invasive) sensors could be useful in respiratory monitoring, in particular in measuring the timing of diaphragmatic contraction. METHODS: Experiments were performed in an animal model: three pentobarbital anesthetized mongrel dogs. The motion of the thoracic cage was acquired by means of a piezoelectric contact sensor placed on the costal wall. This signal is compared with direct measurements of the diaphragmatic muscle length, made by sonomicrometry. Furthermore, to assess the diaphragmatic function other respiratory signals were acquired: respiratory airflow and transdiaphragmatic pressure. Diaphragm contraction time was estimated with these four signals. Using diaphragm length signal as reference, contraction times estimated with the other three signals were compared with the contraction time estimated with diaphragm length signal. RESULTS: The contraction time estimated with the TM signal tends to give a reading 0.06 seconds lower than the measure made with the DL signal (-0.21 and 0.00 for FL and DP signals, respectively), with a standard deviation of 0.05 seconds (0.08 and 0.06 for FL and DP signals, respectively). Correlation coefficients indicated a close link between time contraction estimated with TM signal and contraction time estimated with DL signal (a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.98, a reliability coefficient of 0.95, a slope of 1.01 and a Spearman's rank-order coefficient of 0.98). In general, correlation coefficients and mean and standard deviation of the difference were better in the inspiratory load respiratory test than in spontaneous ventilation tests. CONCLUSION: The technique presented in this work provides a non-invasive method to assess the timing of diaphragmatic contraction in canines, using a piezoelectric contact sensor placed on the costal wall