Abstraction et séparation : de Thomas d’Aquin aux néo-scolastiques, avec retour à Aristote et aux artiens

Cet article se penche sur la doctrine de l’abstraction chez les néo-scolastiques et ses sources immédiates (Cajetan, Jean de Saint-Thomas) pour en évaluer la fidélité par rapport à ses sources ultimes (Aristote et Thomas d’Aquin), avec insistance — terminologique et conceptuelle — sur la distinction thomasienne entre abstraction et séparation (formulée, autour de 1257-1259, dans le commentaire SuperBoetium« DeTrinitate »), une distinction aussi présente dans des textes de maîtres ès arts de l’Université de Paris contemporains ou même antérieurs, une distinction capitale — est-il rappelé en conclusion — par laquelle l’Aquinate limite épistémologiquement la portée de la théologie philosophique. On prépare ainsi l’étude du témoignage jusqu’ici inédit des Communia logice (vers 1250) sur ce thème de l’abstraction et de la séparation.This article deals with the doctrine of abstraction among neo-scholastics and their immediate sources (Cajetan, John of St. Thomas), with a view to gage how faithful to its primary sources (Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas) it is, insisting — terminologically and conceptually — on Aquinas’ distinction between abstraction and separation (formulated, around 1257-1259, in the commentary Super Boetium “De Trinitate”), a distinction also found in some contemporary or even former texts of Arts Masters of the University of Paris, a key distinction to boot — as is pointed out in the conclusion — by means of which Aquinas limits, epistemologically speaking, the scope of philosophical theology. This paves the way to the study of the hitherto unedited testimony of the Communia logice (circa 1250) concerning this question of abstraction and separation

Double abstraction et séparation dans les Communia logice (mitan du XIIIe siècle) : complément aux parallèles artiens de la doctrine thomasienne

La première édition, accompagnée d’une traduction française annotée, du témoignage des Communia logice sur l’abstraction, en fait la double abstraction, et la séparation — un thème philosophique dans la mouvance de Métaphysique, E, 1 notoirement présent, on l’a vu, à la même époque chez Thomas d’Aquin (Super Boetium « De Trinitate », autour de 1257-1259) — est ici précédée d’une étude d’histoire littéraire et doctrinale de cette compilation exégétique de questions sur la logique contenue dans un manuscrit (aujourd’hui : Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds latin 16617) ayant appartenu à Pierre de Limoges, maître à la Faculté des arts de l’Université de Paris au plus tard en 1260-1261 et peut-être responsable de l’insertion inattendue ainsi que de la structuration par amalgame dudit témoignage, en forme de débat sur le sujet des sciences mathématiques, dans le commentaire sur le prédicament de la quantité dans les Catégories.The first edition, with an annotated French translation, of the Communia logice’s testimony on abstraction, actually double abstraction, and separation — a philosophical topic relating to Metaphysics, E, 1 notably present, as we have seen, at the same period in Thomas Aquinas (Super Boetium “De Trinitate”, about 1257-1259) — is preceded here by a study of literary and doctrinal history of this exegetic compilation of questions on logic preserved in a manuscript (today : Paris, BnF, lat. 16617) owned by Peter of Limoges, master at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Paris at the latest in 1260-1261 and perhaps responsible for the unexpected insertion as well as the amalgamated structure of the aforesaid testimony, in the form of a dialectical debate on the subject of mathematical sciences, in the commentary on the predicament of quantity in the Categories

L’enseignement philosophique à la Faculté des arts de l’Université de Paris en la première moitié du XIIIe siècle dans le miroir des textes didascaliques

Sans négliger les autres documents pertinents dans un tour d’horizon final et comparatif, cette étude s’efforce de dépeindre l’enseignement universitaire de la philosophie tel qu’il se reflète dans le miroir des textes didascaliques artiens de Paris jusqu’au mitan du xiiie siècle, tout en fournissant en annexe un premier répertoire, encore partiel, de ce corpus, avec ses éditions et ses traductions. Malgré son caractère généralement pratique et institutionnel, certains de ses éléments théoriques — comme la mise en relief de la liaison intime, trame sapientielle de ces écrits de maîtres ès arts, entre théologie cosmique et éthique philosophique — permettent d’espérer que cet article apporte une véritable contribution à l’Histoire de la philosophie.Without neglecting the other relevant documents in a final comparative survey, this study tries to depict the university teaching of philosophy as reflected in the mirror of the Parisian didascalical texts of the Arts Faculty during the first half of the thirteenth century, while giving in appendix a first repertory, still partial, of this corpus, with its editions and translations. Notwithstanding its generally practical and institutional character, some of its theoretical elements — such as the highlighting of the close relationship between cosmical theology and ethical philosophy, a sapiential thread in those arts masters writings — it is hoped that this article may prove a genuine contribution to the History of philosophy

Porphyre et les universaux dans les Communia logice du ms. Paris, BnF, lat. 16617

Cet article offre la première édition du début des Communia logice (et grammatice), une substantielle compilation didascalique issue de la Faculté des arts de l’Université de Paris au milieu du xiiie siècle et contenue dans un manuscrit légué par maître Pierre de Limoges († 1306) à l’ancienne bibliothèque de la Sorbonne. Après une présentation générale (section I) et avant des précisions sur la Ratio edendi (section III), l’étude doctrinale (section II) qui précède cette édition (section IV) montre comment l’auteur-compilateur des Communia logice répond — en le reformulant — au célèbre questionnaire porphyrien relatif aux universaux.This article offers the first edition of the beginning of the Communia logice (et grammatice), a substantial didascalical compilation emanating from the Arts faculty of the University of Paris during the first half of the thirteenth century and preserved in a manuscript bequeathed by master Peter of Limoges († 1306) to the old library of the Sorbonne. After a general presentation (section I) and before some clarifications on the Ratio edendi (section III), the doctrinal study (section II) which precedes this edition (section IV) shows how the author-compiler of the Communia logice answers — while reformulating it — to the well known porphyrian set of questions about the universals

La tercera significación de los términos universales en la 'Logica Ingredientibus: super Porphyrum' de Abelardo

This article insists on the correct interpretation of the phrase “tertia nominum significatio”, namely “third signification of the names”, in Abelard’s Logica “Ingredientibus”: Super Porphyrium (= LISPor), § 60. To do so in context, an analysis of LlSPor, § 45-60 shows that for Abelard the universal names (nomina universalia) have three significations: 1. The realities (they nominate); 2. The intellections (they constitute); 3. The conceived common forms (at which these intellections, as intentional actions of the soul, are directed).Este artículo insiste sobre la correcta interpretación de la frase “tertia nominum significatio”, es decir “third signification of the names”, en la  Logica “Ingredientibus”: Super Porphyrium (= LISPor), § 60 de Abelardo. Para hacerlo en contexto, un análisis de LlSPor, § 45-60 muestra que para Abelardo los nombres universales (nomina universalia) tienen tres significados: 1. Las realidades (que ellos nombran); 2. Las intelecciones (que ellos constituyen); 3. Las formas comunes concebidas (a las cuales se dirigen estas intelecciones como acciones intencionales del alma)

Factors associated with screening or treatment initiation among male United States veterans at risk for osteoporosis fracture

Male osteoporosis continues to be under-recognized and undertreated in men. An understanding of which factors cue clinicians about osteoporosis risk in men, and which do not, is needed to identify areas for improvement. This study sought to measure the association of a provider\u27s recognition of osteoporosis with patient information constructs that are available at the time of each encounter. Using clinical and administrative data from the Veterans Health Administration system, we used a stepwise procedure to construct prognostic models for a combined outcome of osteoporosis diagnosis, treatment, or a bone mineral density (BMD) test order using time-varying covariates and Cox regression. We ran separate models for patients with at least one primary care visit and patients with only secondary care visits in the pre-index period. Some of the strongest predictors of clinical osteoporosis identification were history of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist exposure, fragility fractures, and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Other characteristics associated with a higher likelihood of having osteoporosis risk recognized were underweight or normal body mass index, cancer, fall history, and thyroid disease. Medication exposures associated with osteoporosis risk recognition included opioids, glucocorticoids, and antidepressants. Several known clinical risk factors for fracture were not correlated with osteoporosis risk including smoking and alcohol abuse. Results suggest that clinicians are relying on some, but not all, clinical risk factors when assessing osteoporosis risk

The changing culture of silviculture

Changing climates are altering the structural and functional components of forest ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Simultaneously, we are seeing a diversification of public expectations on the broader sustainable use of forest resources beyond timber production. As a result, the science and art of silviculture needs to adapt to these changing realities. In this piece, we argue that silviculturists are gradually shifting from the application of empirically derived silvicultural scenarios to new sets of approaches, methods and practices, a process that calls for broadening our conception of silviculture as a scientific discipline. We propose a holistic view of silviculture revolving around three key themes: observe, anticipate and adapt. In observe, we present how recent advances in remote sensing now enable silviculturists to observe forest structural, compositional and functional attributes in near-real-time, which in turn facilitates the deployment of efficient, targeted silvicultural measures in practice that are adapted to rapidly changing constraints. In anticipate, we highlight the importance of developing state-of-the-art models designed to take into account the effects of changing environmental conditions on forest growth and dynamics. In adapt, we discuss the need to provide spatially explicit guidance for the implementation of adaptive silvicultural actions that are efficient, cost-effective and socially acceptable. We conclude by presenting key steps towards the development of new tools and practical knowledge that will ensure meeting societal demands in rapidly changing environmental conditions. We classify these actions into three main categories: reexamining existing silvicultural trials to identify key stand attributes associated with the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple stressors, developing technological workflows and infrastructures to allow for continuous forest inventory updating frameworks, and implementing bold, innovative silvicultural trials in consultation with the relevant communities where a range of adaptive silvicultural strategies are tested. In this holistic perspective, silviculture can be defined as the science of observing forest condition and anticipating its development to apply tending and regeneration treatments adapted to a multiplicity of desired outcomes in rapidly changing realities

The changing culture of silviculture

Changing climates are altering the structural and functional components of forest ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Simultaneously, we are seeing a diversification of public expectations on the broader sustainable use of forest resources beyond timber production. As a result, the science and art of silviculture needs to adapt to these changing realities. In this piece, we argue that silviculturists are gradually shifting from the application of empirically derived silvicultural scenarios to new sets of approaches, methods and practices, a process that calls for broadening our conception of silviculture as a scientific discipline. We propose a holistic view of silviculture revolving around three key themes: observe, anticipate and adapt. In observe, we present how recent advances in remote sensing now enable silviculturists to observe forest structural, compositional and functional attributes in near-real-time, which in turn facilitates the deployment of efficient, targeted silvicultural measures in practice that are adapted to rapidly changing constraints. In anticipate, we highlight the importance of developing state-of-the-art models designed to take into account the effects of changing environmental conditions on forest growth and dynamics. In adapt, we discuss the need to provide spatially explicit guidance for the implementation of adaptive silvicultural actions that are efficient, cost-effective and socially acceptable. We conclude by presenting key steps towards the development of new tools and practical knowledge that will ensure meeting societal demands in rapidly changing environmental conditions. We classify these actions into three main categories: re-examining existing silvicultural trials to identify key stand attributes associated with the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple stressors, developing technological workflows and infrastructures to allow for continuous forest inventory updating frameworks, and implementing bold, innovative silvicultural trials in consultation with the relevant communities where a range of adaptive silvicultural strategies are tested. In this holistic perspective, silviculture can be defined as the science of observing forest condition and anticipating its development to apply tending and regeneration treatments adapted to a multiplicity of desired outcomes in rapidly changing realities

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives