Developing visual discrimination tasks for dogs

Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Evolutiva e do Desenvolvimento). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2012The study of animal emotion has risen in the past decades, and because non-human animals cannot talk about their feelings, different techniques have been developed with the aim to understand emotions and improve animal welfare. Here, I intended to assess animal emotions by two different approaches, cognitive bias and lateralization of the brain. Cognitive bias studies have shown that individuals in a more negative affective state tend to interpret ambiguous cues more negatively rather than those in a positive affective state. Brain lateralization studies have shown the left hemisphere is responsible for the processing and control of positive emotions and the right hemisphere for negative emotions. In this project, I intended to develop a visual discrimination tasks for dogs. Firstly, a cognitive bias test, in which subjects were trained to response to human facial expressions (‘happy’ face vs. ‘angry’ face), and their reaction to ambiguous faces would be analysed. It was predicted that an individual in a putatively more negative state would interpret ambiguous faces more negatively. Finally, a brain lateralization test, in which ‘aggressive’ and ‘neutral’ dog facial expressions, and puzzle pictures of these two (control), were shown at the same time at both sides, left and right, to see whether dogs would present head-orientating bias, depending on the valence of the picture shown. A head-orientating bias to the left was expected when ‘aggressive’ stimuli were shown, and to the right when ‘neutral’ stimuli were shown. In the cognitive bias test, the subjects did not past the training phase, which might be related with practical issues. In the brain lateralization test, the stimuli presented did not have a significant effect on the frequency of head movements to the left or right, or on the latency to look and time spent looking at either side. Possible future investigations are discussed.As emoções surgiram num processo evolutivo para responder a necessidades naturais, como a sobrevivência e a reprodução, permitindo avaliar e tomar decisões, como por exemplo avaliar situações de perigo e de procura de alimento, sendo compostas por diferentes elementos: comportamento, fisiologia, cognição e consciência. O estudo das emoções animais tem vindo a crescer nas últimas décadas, e, pelo facto dos animais não-humanos não poderem falar dos seus sentimentos, diferentes técnicas têm vindo a ser desenvolvidas, com o objetivo de compreender as emoções e, consequentemente, melhorar o bem-estar animal. Neste projeto pretendeu-se aceder às emoções animais pelo desenvolvimento de métodos que envolveram estímulos visuais, particularmente expressões faciais, pois estas, juntamente com posturas corporais, são importantes na comunicação canina. Pensa-se que, de forma semelhante, também as expressões faciais do humano são relevantes para a comunicação interespecífica, devido a um processo co-evolutivo entre o homem e o cão, resultante da Domesticação. Deste modo, através de duas abordagens distintas, cognitive bias e lateralização do cérebro, pretendeu-se observar se e/ou como os cães discriminam estados emocionais de humanos e dos seus conspecíficos, utilizando expressões faciais como estímulo. Por semelhança com estudos em humanos, também estudos de cognitive bias em animais não humanos, como cães, ratos e galinhas, têm vindo a demonstrar que indivíduos em estados afetivos supostamente mais negativos, como, por exemplo, ansiedade, têm tendência a interpretar estímulos ambíguos mais negativamente, do que indivíduos em estados afetivos mais positivos, que, por sua vez, têm tendência a interpretar estímulos ambíguos mais positivamente. Por outro lado, relativamente ao estudo das emoções, observações de lateralização do cérebro demonstraram que a especialização diferenciada do processamento das emoções nos dois hemisférios, esquerdo e direito, permitem a ação simultânea de comportamentos. São exemplos a procura de alimento, controlado pelo hemisfério esquerdo, e a vigília de um possível ataque de um predador, controlado pelo hemisfério direito. O hemisfério esquerdo é, assim, responsável, entre outros aspetos, pelo processamento e controlo de emoções positivas, e o hemisfério direito pelo controlo e processamento de emoções negativas. No primeiro estudo, pretendeu-se desenvolver um teste de cognitive bias, no qual os sujeitos foram treinados a tocar num símbolo aquando da apresentação de uma fotografia de uma expressão facial humana “zangada”, e a tocar num símbolo diferente aquando da apresentação de uma fotografia de uma cara “sorridente”, de forma a observar, numa posterior fase de teste, de que modo os cães reagem a expressões faciais ambíguas, ou seja, que símbolo iriam tocar quando fossem apresentadas fotografias contendo elementos das duas expressões faciais. Se os cães apresentassem respostas de foro afetivo perante as diferentes imagens apresentadas, por exemplo, a associação de caras “zangadas” com eventos negativos, uma tendência para classificar imagens ambíguas como se fossem negativas (ex.: expressões faciais “zangadas”), sugeriria que os sujeitos teriam um cognitive bias negativo ou “pessimista”, o que poderia ser consequência de um estado afetivo negativo. Deste modo, o design experimental consistia num pequeno corredor finalizado num quadro (0,80 metros da posição do sujeito), onde estavam colocados dois símbolos distintos lado a lado (um triângulo preto e um círculo branco distanciados por 0,20 metros). As fotografias das expressões faciais encontravam-se por detrás deste quadro, e eram alternadamente puxadas por uma corda, sendo este o início de cada trial. Se o cão tocasse no símbolo correspondente à fotografia apresentada, era dada uma recompensa. Posteriormente, iria ser realizado o teste, em que se analisaria a correspondência entre o símbolo e as expressões faciais ambíguas que cada individuo iria apresentar. No estudo participaram 4 indivíduos de diversas raças e idades e cada sessão consistiu em 30 trials. O segundo estudo, um teste de lateralização do cérebro, também envolveu estímulos visuais: fotografias de expressões faciais, “agressiva” e “neutra”, de diversas raças de cães, e as respetivas fotografias-puzzle (imagens cortadas aos pedaços e rearranjadas de forma aleatória), usadas, entre outras razões, para prevenir a habituação à apresentação das expressões faciais. Cada fotografia foi apresentada ao mesmo tempo dos dois lados, esquerdo e direito, com a mesma distância relativamente à posição do sujeito, de modo a observar se os cães exibiriam diferentes movimentos da cabeça, dependendo da valência das fotografias apresentadas. Tendo em conta que o input visual recebido pelos olhos é enviado para o hemisfério contralateral do cérebro, era esperado que, aquando da apresentação das expressões faciais “agressivas”, os sujeitos movimentassem a cabeça para o lado esquerdo, processado e controlado pelo hemisfério direito, e, ao contrário, aquando da apresentação das expressões faciais “neutras”, os indivíduos virassem a cabeça para o lado direito, processado e controlado pelo hemisfério esquerdo. O design experimental consistiu num corredor escuro (2 metros de comprimento), onde o sujeito ocupava uma posição central, e, em cada topo, encontravam-se telas brancas onde foram colocadas as fotografias das expressões faciais. O início do trial consistia na apresentação das fotografias quando as luzes situadas por detrás de cada tela eram ligadas. Neste estudo participaram 18 indivíduos de diversas raças e idades, e foi constituído por 4 sessões de 6 trials. No teste de cognitive bias, os sujeitos não passaram da fase de treino, ou seja, não atingiram o critério estabelecido - 80% de respostas corretas por sessão (24 trials), o que poderá estar relacionado com problemas a nível prático. Além disso, 3 dos sujeitos apresentaram valores significativos de side bias para um dos símbolos, o que pode ser explicado pelo facto de que os cães tendem a repetir comportamentos que foram previamente aprendidos e bem sucedidos. Neste caso, é provável que os sujeitos tocassem, de forma consistente, no símbolo ao qual a primeira associação entre o comportamento “tocar” e a oferta de uma recompensa foi feita. Possíveis alternativas de investigação futura são discutidas, como, por exemplo, o desenvolvimento de um método em que não seja necessário um tipo de treino tão complexo como o aqui apresentado. Relativamente ao teste de lateralização do cérebro, numa abordagem geral, os diferentes estímulos apresentados não tiveram qualquer efeito significativo no movimento da cabeça para esquerda ou direita, na latência de reação aos estímulos e no tempo passado a olhar para os dois lados. No entanto, fêmeas grandes e machos pequenos apresentaram latências significativamente mais curtas para virar a cabeça para a direita e, também, mais tempo passado a olhar para o lado direito, relativamente a fêmeas pequenas e machos grandes. Isto pode ser explicado pelo facto de que o primeiro grupo referido apresente um hemisfério esquerdo dominante, e consequentemente, ser um grupo de indivíduos mais calmos, não evitando, por isso, os estímulos apresentados (viraram a cabeça e passaram mais tempo a olhar para estes). Contrariamente, é possível que o segundo grupo referido apresentasse um hemisfério direito dominante, tendo tendência para comportamentos de medo e agressividade e, consequentemente, evitar os estímulos apresentados. Presumivelmente, machos grandes tendem a ser mais agressivos, devido à vantagem de tamanho e predominância da hormona sexual testosterona e, por outro lado, fêmeas pequenas tendem a expressar comportamentos que envolvem medo, devido à desvantagem de tamanho e à produção de testosterona em pequenas quantidades. Pelo facto de os resultados não serem os esperados, também, neste caso, alternativas para este método são propostas para investigações futuras, como a utilização de estímulos visuais em forma de silhuetas de expressões faciais e/ou corporais, que potencialmente serão mais recetíveis no campo visual lateral. Para finalizar, é possível que indivíduos em estados afetivos mais negativos processem estímulos ambíguos no hemisfério direito e que, pelo contrário, indivíduos em estados afetivos mais positivos processem estímulos ambíguos no hemisfério esquerdo. Neste contexto, seria interessante desenvolver um método de cognitive bias, com base num tipo de teste de lateralização do cérebro como o apresentado neste projeto e, assim, aceder a estados afetivos em animais não-humanos, sem necessidade de haver um período de treino sendo, consequentemente, uma análise mais rápida e eficiente

Nd:YAG laser scribed zinc oxide on semi-flexible copper foils

In this work, a novel approach to synthesise zinc oxide (ZnO) directly on flexible copper substrates is proposed. The produced samples show a foam-like morphology made of agglomerates of small ZnO particles when processed at laser energy density of 18.0 J/cm2. On the other hand, the samples processed at higher beam energy density, i.e. 33.2 J/cm2, resulted in a more granular morphology, with some ZnO particles dispersed over the sample’s surface. Raman spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that this method resulted in the formation of wurtzite-ZnO crystalline phase in all samples. Room temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of a broad visible band in the orange-red region dominating the spectra, with a small contribution from the near band edge emission in the UV spectral region. Decreasing the beam energy fluence from 33.2 to 18.0 J/cm2 resulted in samples with higher overall visible band intensity, in line with what was observed for their crystalline quality. Moreover, the shift of the broad band maxima towards longer wavelengths could be an indication of the possibility of tuning the visible emission according to the chosen laser processing conditions.publishe

External Skeletal Fixator Intramedullary Pin “Tie-in” for the Repair of Comminuted Tibial Fracture in a Brazilian Fox (Pseudalopex vetulus)

Background: The Brazilian fox (Pseudalopex vetulus, Lund 1842) is a naturally endemic specie of the Brazilian savana vegetation. Due to the rapid destruction of its habitat, the specie is considered “vulnerable” and subject to different kinds of trauma that usually results in fractures and dislocations. Among the methods of fractures fxation, highlights the external skeletal fxator intramedullary pin “tie-in” which consists of the intramedullary pin associated to the external fxator. The aim of the present report was to describe the case of a Brazilian fox with a comminuted tibial fracture, submitted to osteosynthesis using an external skeletal fxator intramedullary pin “tie-in”. Case: It was attended an exemplar of Pseudalopex vetulus, male, young adult, with 3.9 kg body weight and history of functional impotence of the left hindlimb. At the physical and orthopedic evaluations were observed loss of bone continuity and crepitus in tibial region, and the presence of a contaminated lacerating skin wound about 3 cm in diameter in the lateral side of the injured limb. Craniocaudal and mediolateral radiographic projections of the left hindlimb revealed the presence of a complete comminuted fracture at the proximal and distal shaft of the left tibia; and a complete transverse fracture at mid shaft of the left fbula. Due to this, the animal was submitted to fracture fxation using an external skeletal fxator intramedullary pin “tie-in”. For the surgical procedure, broad trichotomy and antisepsis of the left hindlimb were performed, followed by a longitudinal incision on the medial side of the tibia. After bone fragments identifcation, was realized the retrograde positioning of a Steinmann pin of 3.0 mm in diameter toward the proximal epiphysis. Subsequently, the pin was externalized in the parapatelar region and then replaced toward the distal epiphysis. The intramedullary pin was not cut, but folded and attached to the transcortical pins of the unilateral external skeletal fxator using polymethylmethacrylate acrylic resin. For the unilateral external skeletal fxator were placed four Kirschner pin of 1.5 mm in diameter. Of these, two pins were placed at the proximal bone segment of the fracture, and two at the distal one. The central bone segment was not transfxed by pins. Radiographic postoperative examination revealed fracture reduction with good alignment of the bone fragments. The metallic implants were also well positioned. Bone healing was verifed at 150 days postoperatively. At this moment, radiographic examination revealed calcifed and ossifed bone callus, and the maintenance of bone axis.The animal was reintroduced to nature. Discussion: The external skeletal fxator intramedullary pin “tie-in” features biomechanical superiority to both intramedullary and external skeletal fxator pin, since it resists to rotational, bending and axial forces that act at the fracture. Additionally, it is a less expensive fracture fxation method, especially when replacing the lateral connecting rod by polymethylmethacrylate acrylic resin. It was concluded that the external skeletal fxator intramedullary pin “tie-in”can be considered viable in small wild mammals, such as the Brazilian fox (Pseudalopex vetulus), since it enabled the bone healing and the limb functionality. Further studies with a greater number of individuals, however, are necessary to evaluate the real applicability of the fracture fxation method.Keywords: traumatology, osteosynthesis, wild animals

The importance of well protected forests for the conservation genetics of West African colobine monkeys

In tropical forests, anthropogenic activities are major drivers of the destruction and degradation of natural habitats, causing severe biodiversity loss. African colobine monkeys (Colobinae) are mainly folivore and strictly arboreal primates that require large forests to subsist, being among the most vulnerable of all nonhuman primates. The Western red colobus Piliocolobus badius and the King colobus Colobus polykomos inhabit highly fragmented West African forests, including the Cantanhez Forests National Park (CFNP) in Guinea-Bissau. Both species are also found in the largest and best-preserved West African forest—the Taï National Park (TNP) in Ivory Coast. Colobine monkeys are hunted for bushmeat in both protected areas, but these exhibit contrasting levels of forest fragmentation, thus offering an excellent opportunity to investigate the importance of well-preserved forests for the maintenance of evolutionary potential in these arboreal primates. We estimated genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history by using microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA. We then compared the genetic patterns of the colobines from TNP with the ones previously obtained for CFNP and found contrasting genetic patterns. Contrary to the colobines from CFNP that showed very low genetic diversity and a strong population decline, the populations in TNP still maintain high levels of genetic diversity and we found no clear signal of population decrease in Western red colobus and a limited decrease in King colobus. These results suggest larger and historically more stable populations in TNP compared to CFNP. We cannot exclude the possibility that the demographic effects resulting from the recent increase of bushmeat hunting are not yet detectable in TNP using genetic data. Nevertheless, the fact that the TNP colobus populations are highly genetically diverse and maintain large effective population sizes suggests that well-preserved forests are crucial for the maintenance of populations, species, and probably for the evolutionary potential in colobines.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Cross-Sectional Survey-Based Study of Medical Oncologists

Funding Information: We would like to thank Andrea Bothwell who wrote the manuscript outline and first draft on behalf of Springer Healthcare Communications. We also thank Prof. Carina Silva (ESTEsL – Escola Superior de Tecnologias de Saúde de Lisboa) who performed the preliminary statistical analysis of this study. This medical writing assistance and statistical analysis was funded by CUF Oncologia. Funding Information: Diogo Alpuim Costa has received honoraria from the Portuguese Navy, CUF Oncologia, and NTT DATA, and has served as a speaker, advisory board member, or has received research or education funding from CUF Oncologia, AstraZeneca, Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck KGaA, Novartis, Pfizer, Uriage, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nanobiotix, Puma Biotechnology Inc., Sanofi, and Seagen Inc. Margarida Brito has participated as advisory board member for Roche, Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Pfizer. Mário Fontes-Sousa has served as a speaker or advisory board member for Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Servier. Diogo Martins-Branco received honoraria and advisory board fees from Janssen, Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Angelini, AstraZeneca, and Novartis, meeting and travel grants from LEO Farmacêuticos, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Ipsen, Janssen, and Roche, and institutional grants from F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. José Guilherme Gonçalves Nobre, João Paulo Fernandes, Marta Vaz Batista, Ana Simas, Carolina Sales, Helena Gouveia, Leonor Abreu Ribeiro, Andreia Coelho, Mariana Inácio, André Cruz, Mónica Mariano, Joana Savva-Bordalo, Ricardo Fernandes, André Oliveira, Andreia Chaves, Mafalda Sampaio-Alves, and Noémia Afonso have nothing to declare. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Introduction: Cancer care providers have faced many challenges in delivering safe care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional survey-based study investigated the impact of the pandemic on clinical practices of Portuguese medical oncologists caring for patients with breast cancer. Methods: An anonymous online survey comprising 42 questions gathered information regarding COVID-19 testing, treatment in (neo)adjuvant and metastatic settings, and other aspects of breast cancer management. Practices before and during the pandemic were compared, and potential differences in outcomes according to respondents’ regions, case volumes, and practice type were explored. Results: Of 129 respondents, 108 worked in the public health system, giving a representative national picture of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer management. Seventy-one percent of respondents reported a reduction in visits for new cases of breast cancer, and there was a shift towards increased use of telemedicine. Clinical decision-making was largely unaffected in the most aggressive indications (i.e., triple-negative, HER2-positive, visceral crisis). The use of neoadjuvant therapy increased when access to surgery was difficult, whereas dose-dense regimens decreased, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor treatment decreased for less aggressive disease and increased for more aggressive disease. The use of oral formulations and metronomic chemotherapy regimens increased, and clinical trial participation decreased. Some differences by respondents’ region and case volume were noted. Conclusion: Medical oncologists in Portugal implemented many changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, most of which were logical and reasonable responses to the current healthcare emergency; however, the true impact on patient outcomes remains unknown.publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

Squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate as novel protein sources for dog food

The world’s growing pet population is raising sustainability and environmental concerns for the petfood industry. Protein-rich marine by-products might contribute to mitigating negative environmental effects, decreasing waste, and improving economic efficiency. The present study evaluated two marine by-products, squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate, as novel protein sources for dog feeding. Along with the analysis of chemical composition and antioxidant activity, palatability was evaluated by comparing a commercial diet (basal diet) and diets with the inclusion of 150 g kg−1 of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate using 12 Beagle dogs (2.2 ± 0.03 years). Two in vivo digestibility trials were conducted with six dogs, three experimental periods (10 days each) and three dietary inclusion levels (50, 100 and 150 g kg−1) of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate in place of the basal diet to evaluate effects of inclusion level on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), metabolizable energy content, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota. Both protein sources presented higher protein and methionine contents than ingredients traditionally used in dog food formulation. Shrimp hydrolysate showed higher antioxidant activity than squid meal. First approach and taste were not affected by the inclusion of protein sources, but animals showed a preference for the basal diet. Effects on nutrient intake reflected the chemical composition of diets, and fecal output and characteristics were not affected by the increasing inclusion levels of both protein sources. The higher ATTD of dry matter, most nutrients and energy of diets with the inclusion of both by-products when compared to the basal diet, suggests their potential to be included in highly digestible diets for dogs. Although not affected by the inclusion level of protein sources, when compared to the basal diet, the inclusion of squid meal decreased butyrate concentration and shrimp hydrolysate increased all volatile fatty acids, except butyrate. Fecal microbiota was not affected by squid meal inclusion, whereas inclusion levels of shrimp hydrolysate significantly affected abundances of Oscillosperaceae (UCG-005), Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Overall, results suggest that squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate constitute novel and promising protein sources for dog food, but further research is needed to fully evaluate their functional value

The importance of well protected forests for the conservation genetics of West African colobine monkeys

In tropical forests, anthropogenic activities are major drivers of the destruction and degradation of natural habitats, causing severe biodiversity loss. African colobine monkeys (Colobinae) are mainly folivore and strictly arboreal primates that require large forests to subsist, being among the most vulnerable of all nonhuman primates. The Western red colobus Piliocolobus badius and the King colobus Colobus polykomos inhabit highly fragmented West African forests, including the Cantanhez Forests National Park (CFNP) in Guinea‐Bissau. Both species are also found in the largest and best‐preserved West African forest—the Taï National Park (TNP) in Ivory Coast. Colobine monkeys are hunted for bushmeat in both protected areas, but these exhibit contrasting levels of forest fragmentation, thus offering an excellent opportunity to investigate the importance of well‐preserved forests for the maintenance of evolutionary potential in these arboreal primates. We estimated genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history by using microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA. We then compared the genetic patterns of the colobines from TNP with the ones previously obtained for CFNP and found contrasting genetic patterns. Contrary to the colobines from CFNP that showed very low genetic diversity and a strong population decline, the populations in TNP still maintain high levels of genetic diversity and we found no clear signal of population decrease in Western red colobus and a limited decrease in King colobus. These results suggest larger and historically more stable populations in TNP compared to CFNP. We cannot exclude the possibility that the demographic effects resulting from the recent increase of bushmeat hunting are not yet detectable in TNP using genetic data. Nevertheless, the fact that the TNP colobus populations are highly genetically diverse and maintain large effective population sizes suggests that well‐preserved forests are crucial for the maintenance of populations, species, and probably for the evolutionary potential in colobines

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with 26% of all species being includedin the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associatedwith habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mam-mals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion formarine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems func-tionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is cru-cial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS INPORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublishedgeoreferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mam-mals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira thatincludes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occur-ring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live obser-vations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%),bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent lessthan 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrowsjsoil moundsjtunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animaljhairjskullsjjaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8),observation in shelters, (9) photo trappingjvideo, (10) predators dietjpelletsjpine cones/nuts, (11) scatjtrackjditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalizationjecholocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followedby Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496),Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data setincludes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened(e.g.,Oryctolagus cuniculus[n=12,159],Monachus monachus[n=1,512],andLynx pardinus[n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate thepublication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contrib-ute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting onthe development of more accurate and tailored conservation managementstrategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite thisdata paper when the data are used in publications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio