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Políticas urbanas na Espanha: dinâmicas de transformação e desafios frente à crise

This paper examines the main transformations of urban policies in Spain and the challenges they have to face in a context of crisis and structural shift like the current one. Prior to this analysis, it presents and discusses briefly the notion of urban policies ―relatively unknown in our country. Later on, the expansion of urban policy agendas in Spain is observed, as well as the shifts of governance modes in the frame of an institutional context that, nonetheless, is very resilient to change ―a fact that has generated important unbalances and tensions in the development of these types of policies. The current economic crisis poses three kinds of threats to local governments and urban policies: recentralization, retrenchment of urban policy agendas, and the consolidation of technocratic forms of governance. The paper takes an opposing stance to such tendencies, arguing that cities’ resilience will depend on the deepening of decentralisation and the democratic radicalization of urban governance.Este artículo se pregunta por las principales dinámicas de cambio de las políticas urbanas en España y por los retos que éstas deben afrontar en un contexto de crisis y de cambio de época como el actual. Antes de abordar este análisis, se presenta y se discute brevemente la propia noción de las políticas urbanas, con poca tradición en nuestro país. A continuación, constatamos las dinámicas de ampliación de las agendas políticas urbanas en España y las tendencias de transformación de los modos de gobernanza en un contexto institucional que, sin embargo, se muestra muy resistente al cambio, lo cual ha generado importantes desequilibrios y tensiones en el desarrollo de este tipo de políticas. La actual crisis económica plantea una triple amenaza sobre los gobiernos locales y las políticas para la ciudad: la recentralización, la contracción de las agendas hacia el eje económico y el repliegue hacia formas tecnocráticas de gobierno. El artículo se posiciona en el lado opuesto a tales dinámicas, sosteniendo que la capacidad de resiliencia de las ciudades depende en buena medida de la profundización del proceso de descentralización y de la radicalidad democrática de los modos de gobernanza urbana.Este artigo indaga sobre as principais dinâmicas de mudança das políticas urbanas na Espanha e os desafios que as mesmas devem enfrentar em um contexto de crise e de mudança de época como o atual. Antes de abordar esta análise, introduz-se e discute-se brevemente a própria noção de políticas urbanas, com pouca tradição em nosso país. Em seguida, constatamos as dinâmicas de ampliação das agendas políticas urbanas na Espanha e as tendências de transformação dos modos de governança em um contexto institucional que, no entanto, mostra-se muito resistente à mudança, o que tem gerado fortes desequilíbrios e tensões no desenvolvimento deste tipo de políticas. A atual crise econômica levanta uma tripla ameaça sobre os governos locais e as políticas para a cidade: a (re)centralização, a contração das agendas rumo ao eixo econômico e o recolhimento a formas tecnocráticas de governo. O artigo se posiciona no polo oposto a tais dinâmicas, sugerindo que a capacidade de resiliência das cidades depende em boa medida do aprofundamento do processo de descentralização e do radicalismo democrático dos modos de governança urbana

HDL and LDL: Potential New Players in Breast Cancer Development.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and primary cause of cancer-related mortality in women. The identification of risk factors can improve prevention of cancer, and obesity and hypercholesterolemia represent potentially modifiable breast cancer risk factors. In the present work, we review the progress to date in research on the potential role of the main cholesterol transporters, low-density and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL), on breast cancer development. Although some studies have failed to find associations between lipoproteins and breast cancer, some large clinical studies have demonstrated a direct association between LDL cholesterol levels and breast cancer risk and an inverse association between HDL cholesterol and breast cancer risk. Research in breast cancer cells and experimental mouse models of breast cancer have demonstrated an important role for cholesterol and its transporters in breast cancer development. Instead of cholesterol, the cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol induces the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells and facilitates metastasis. Oxidative modification of the lipoproteins and HDL glycation activate different inflammation-related pathways, thereby enhancing cell proliferation and migration and inhibiting apoptosis. Cholesterol-lowering drugs and apolipoprotein A-I mimetics have emerged as potential therapeutic agents to prevent the deleterious effects of high cholesterol in breast cancer

Anàlisi citogenètica d'espermatozoides humans

Les anomalies cromosòmiques són una de les principals causes d'esterilitat en l'espècie humana. A les anomalies del cariotip, molt més freqüents en individus que consulten per problemes reproductius que en la població general, s'afegeixen les anomalies meiòtiques, limitades a la línia germinal, observades en pacients que presenten un cariotip somàtic normal. En ambdues situacions, s'ha descrit que en poden resultar espermatozoides portadors d'anomalies cromosòmiques. La producció d'aquests espermatozoides pot ser avaluada mitjançant la utilització de metodologies basades en la hibridació in situ fluorescent (FISH), i els estudis de FISH en espermatozoides s'han incorporat ràpidament als protocols d'estudi dels pacients amb problemes de fertilitat. En aquest article es revisen els resultats obtinguts en individus portadors d'anomalies numèriques per als cromosomes sexuals, en portadors d'anomalies cromosòmiques estructurals i en individus amb cariotip somàtic normal que consulten per problemes d'infertilitat; es fa també esment a la significança clínica d'aquest tipus d'estudi.Chromosome abnormalities are one of the major causes of human infertility. In infertile males, abnormal somatic karyotypes are more frequent than in the general population. Furthermore, meiotic disorders affecting the germ-cell line have been observed in men with normal somatic karyotypes consulting for infertility. In both cases, the production of unbalanced spermatozoa has been described. Basically addressed to establish reproductive risks, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on decondensed sperm nuclei has become the most frequently used method to study the chromosomal constitution of spermatozoa. This paper reviews the information obtained through sperm FISH studies in carriers of numerical sex chromosome anomalies, carriers of structural chromosome reorganizations and infertile males with normal karyotypes emphasizing on its clinical significance

High rates of de novo 15q11q13 inversions in human spermatozoa

Low-Copy Repeats predispose the 15q11-q13 region to non-allelic homologous recombination. We have already demonstrated that a significant percentage of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) fathers have an increased susceptibility to generate 15q11q13 deletions in spermatozoa, suggesting the participation of intrachromatid exchanges. This work has been focused on assessing the incidence of de novo 15q11q13 inversions in spermatozoa of control donors and PWS fathers in order to determine the basal rates of inversions and to confirm the intrachromatid mechanism as the main cause of 15q11q13 anomalies

Análisis del impacto de la actividad repobladora en la estadística del desempleo, durante el periodo de tiempo entre 1946 y 1961, en varias provincias españolas

Con el objetivo de analitzar el impacto que tuvo la política repobladora en el paro rural se analizan para cada una de las províncias españolas la evoluación de la tasa de desempleo agrícola i forestal y la actividad repobladora durante el perido de 1946-62. En este análisi descriptivo previo, no se han econtrado evidencias claras de esta relación si bien en algunas provincias el efecto repoblador sobre el desempleo parece reflejarse