Variabilidade de atributos de fertilidade do solo em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar no estado de Goiás

A amostragem de solo deve representar adequadamente a área avaliada, visando à elaboração de recomendações de medidas de correção da fertilidade e conservação dos solos, a fim de elevar a produtividade e melhorar o aproveitamento de insumos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade de atributos de fertilidade de Latossolos em áreas de renovação de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de Goiás. Foram selecionadas duas áreas de aproximadamente 8.100 m² na usina Goiasa, município de Goiatuba, consideradas representativas de dois talhões cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, com espaçamento entrelinhas de 1,5 m. Em cada uma das áreas selecionadas, foi realizada amostragem do solo em malha, nas linhas de plantio e nas entrelinhas, com trado holandês. Coletaram-se amostras simples (subamostras) em 49 pontos amostrais nas linhas e 49 nas entrelinhas, nas profundidades de 0,0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m, totalizando 196 amostras simples em cada área de estudo, que foram analisadas individualmente. As amostras foram submetidas a análises químicas de fertilidade do solo (pH em CaCl2, acidez potencial, matéria orgânica, P e K, Ca e Mg) e análise granulométrica. Por meio dos dados, foi calculado o número de subamostras requeridas para a estimativa da média de cada atributo, a partir do coeficiente de variação e do erro percentual admitido em torno da média, para probabilidade de 95 %. Os atributos estudados apresentaram variabilidades diferenciadas nas áreas estudadas: alta (P e K); média (acidez potencial, Ca e Mg); e baixa (pH, matéria orgânica e argila). A extrema variabilidade nos teores de P, particularmente na profundidade de 0,2-0,4 m, atribuída à aplicação localizada de doses elevadas de fertilizantes fosfatados no plantio, impõe limitações à avaliação de sua disponibilidade pelo elevado número de subamostras requeridas para composição de uma amostra composta.Soil sampling should provide an accurate representation of a given area so that recommendations for amendments of soil acidity, fertilization and soil conservation may be drafted to increase yield and improve the use of inputs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of soil fertility properties of Oxisols in areas planted to sugarcane in the State of Goias, Brazil. Two areas of approximately 8,100 m² each were selected, representing two fields of the Goiasa sugarcane mill in Goiatuba. The sugarcane crop had a row spacing of 1.5 m and subsamples were taken from 49 points in the row and 49 between the row with a Dutch auger at depths of 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m, for a total of 196 subsamples for each area. The samples were individually subjected to chemical analyses of soil fertility (pH in CaCl2, potential acidity, organic matter, P, K, Ca and Mg) and particle size analysis. The number of subsamples required to compose a sample within the acceptable ranges of error of 5, 10, 20 and 40 % of each property were computed from the coefficients of variation and the Student t-value for 95 % confidence. The soil properties under analysis exhibited different variabilities: high (P and K), medium (potential acidity, Ca and Mg) and low (pH, organic matter and clay content). Most of the properties analyzed showed an error of less than 20 % for a group of 20 subsamples, except for P and K, which were capable of showing an error greater than 40 % around the mean. The extreme variability in phosphorus, particularly at the depth of 0.2-0.4 m, attributed to banded application of high rates of P fertilizers at planting, places limitations on assessment of its availability due to the high number of subsamples required for a composite sample

Dry matter production and weed control by intercropped legumes with sugarcane in organic cropping

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de matéria seca e o controle de plantas daninhas por espécies de leguminosas consorciadas com cana-de-açúcar, em cultivo orgânico. As espécies leguminosas Arachis pintoi, Cajanus cajan, Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria anagyroides, Crotalaria juncea e Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande' foram semeadas em novembro de 2012, nas entrelinhas da cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso foi utilizado com quatro repetições e dois controles - um tratamento capinado e outro sem capinar. A massa de matéria seca das leguminosas foi avaliada aos 142 dias após a semeadura (DAS), e a massa de matéria seca de plantas daninhas, aos 29, 85 e 142 DAS. A massa de matéria seca de plantas daninhas foi inferior à da testemunha em todas as épocas amostradas. A produção de massa de matéria seca das leguminosas no consórcio foi baixa. As espécies Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan e Calopogonium mucunoides produziram massa de matéria seca superior à das espécies Arachis pintoi e Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande'. A produtividade de colmos da cana-de-açúcar não foi afetada pelo consórcio. O consórcio entre cana-de-açúcar orgânica e leguminosas com semeadura tardia, para adubação verde, é eficiente no controle de plantas daninhas.The objective of this work was to evaluate dry matter production and weed control by intercropped legumes with sugarcane, in organic cropping. The legume species Arachis pintoi, Cajanus cajan, Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria anagyroides, Crotalaria juncea, and Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande' were sown on November 2012 in the inter-rows of sugarcane. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with four replicates and two controls - a weeded treatment and an unweeded one. Legume dry matter was evaluated 142 days after sowing (DAS), and the weed dry matter, at 29, 85, and 142 DAS. Weed dry matter was lower than that of the control in all sampling periods. The production of legume dry matter was low in intercropping. The species Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, and Calopogonium mucunoides produced higher dry matter than the species Arachis pintoi and Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande'. Stalk yield of sugarcane was not affected by intercropping. The intercropping of organic sugarcane and legumes in late sowing, for green manure, is efficient for weed control

Growth dynamic and nutrition of marandu grass grown in nitrogen rates.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os atributos nutricionais e de crescimento do capim-Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) submetido a doses de nitrogênio e idades de crescimento. Entre os nutrientes, o nitrogênio destaca-se pelo incremento que é capaz de proporcionar na produção de forragem. O estudo da dinâmica do crescimento e nutrição do capim-Marandu constitui ferramenta importante para o aumento da produção e qualidade dessa planta forrageira. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, em solução nutritiva, utilizando sílica como substrato. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, com os tratamentos combinados em fatorial 5x6, com quatro repetições. O capim-Marandu foi submetido a doses de nitrogênio de 28, 112, 210, 294 e 378 mg L-1 e avaliado nas idades de crescimento de 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias após a emergência. As soluções apresentaram proporção constante NO3-:NH4+ de 70%:30% e foram trocadas semanalmente a partir da primeira idade de crescimento. As doses de nitrogênio e as idades de crescimento interagiram significativamente (P<0,05) em todos os atributos nutricionais e de crescimento do capim-Marandu, com exceção do comprimento radicular específico e da taxa de assimilação líquida. As doses de nitrogênio em cada idade de crescimento apresentaram efeito significativo (P<0,05) na produção de massa seca total, massa seca radicular, número de perfilhos, área foliar, comprimento radicular, superfície radicular, concentração de nitrogênio, valor SPAD, razão de área foliar e taxa de crescimento relativo do capim-Marandu. As doses de nitrogênio necessárias para a obtenção da máxima produção de massa seca variaram entre 257 e 304 mg L-1 em função das idades de crescimento. A concentração crítica de nitrogênio determinada nas lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas foi influenciada significativamente (P<0,01) pelas idades de crescimento e variou entre os valores de 33,8 e 12,8 g kg-1 . Os valores SPAD correspondentes às concentrações críticas de nitrogênio foram de 45,0; 45,7; 49,5; 50,2; 45,7 e 35,3 aos 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias, respectivamente.The objective of this research was to examine nutritional and growth attributes of Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) under nitrogen rates and growth ages. Among the nutrients, nitrogen stand out by its effects in promoting forage yield. The study of growth dynamic and nutrition of Marandu grass is a important tool to promote the production and quality of this forage plant. The experiment was carried out in glasshouse conditions, with nutrient solution using ground quartz as substrate. The experimental design used was a complete randomized block design, with treatments arranged in a 5x6 factorial, with four replications. The Marandu-grass was grown in nitrogen rates of 28, 112, 210, 294 and 378 mg L-1 and it was evaluated at the ages of 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after seedling emergence. The nutrient solution was prepared with a constant NO3-:NH4+ proportion of 70%:30% and was replaced once a week after the first growth age. Nitrogen rates and growth ages interaction was significant (P<0.05) for all nutritional and growth attributes of Marandu-grass, with exception for the mean net assimilation rate and specific root length. The nitrogen rates in each growth age showed significant effects (P<0.05) on the total dry matter yield, roots dry mass, number of tillers, leaf area, root length, root surface area, nitrogen concentration, SPAD value, leaf area ratio and relative growth rate of Marandu grass. Maximum dry matter production was estimated to occur at nitrogen rates between 257 and 304 mg L-1, depending on plant age. The critical nitrogen concentration determined in the most recently expanded leaf lamina was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by plant ages and ranged from 33.8 to 12.8 g kg-1. SPAD values at the critical nitrogen concentration rates were 45.0; 45.7; 49.5; 50.2; 45.7 and 35.3 for growth periods of 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days, respectively

Different limestone particle sizes for soil acidity correction, Ca and Mg supply and corn yield

The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil acidity correction and the grain yield responses for the lime application in different granulometric particles. The limestone particle sizes incorporated into the distroferric red Oxisol were: 0.20 mm to 0.30 mm; 0.30 mm to 0.56 mm; 0.56 mm to 0.82 mm and 0.82 mm to 2.00 mm, at doses of 1.3 t ha-1; 2.6 t ha-1; 3.9 t ha-1 and 6.6 t ha-1 respectively, and a control respectively, and a control (no lime incorporation in the soil). The soil chemical characteristics pH, H+Al3+, Al3+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ were evaluated at 6 months and 18 months after the lime application. The corn yields were evaluated during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 crop years. Higher limestone contents and lower particle size resulted in the same effect on soil acidity correction, reducing Al3+ and increasing Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the soil when the 0.30 mm limestone was incorporated, with residual effect at 18 months. Highest corn yield was obtained when the 0.82 mm to 2.00 mm particle size was incorporated in the first crop year, when compared to the lowest limestone particle size used

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)