The Paris Bourse and the international capital flows before 1914

This study wanted to pinpoint the different securities transactions’ channels in France, which are quite specific compared to other countries.As a matter of fact, the Paris Bourse could not be well explained without the free market and the deposit banks'transactions. This organisation leads to a three pillar’s system, a specific feature of the Paris Bourse.Despite their disputes, the three intermediaries succeeded in working together and in maintaining fluent flows between the different channels. By this way, they enhanced the stability and the liquidity of the whole market.Stock exchange, OTC market, international capital flows, financial regulation,tax policy

Producing organic wheat with high grain protein content: the significance of intercropping and the need for diagnostic tools

Grain quality of wheat is one of the major concerns of organic farming production. Cereal-legume intercropping may be of significance in this regard as it enhances the yield productivity and the grain protein content (GPC) of the intercropped wheat. However, fitted tools are needed for the diagnosis and management of such interspecific canopies. Our main objectives were i) to analyse the effect of intercropping and N-management on organic farming performances and ii) to analyse the relationships between N-status indicators and GPC of intercropped wheat. These objectives were assessed in winter pea–wheat intercrops in 2007 and 2009 in western France. Our study confirmed the significance of intercropping in the production of wheat with high GPC. We showed that tools for diagnosis, fitted for sole crops to manage grain yield and GPC (N nutrition index, chlorophyll meter), can be used on intercropped wheat

THE MIND AND BRAIN SCHOLAR AS A HITCH-HIKER IN POST-GUTENBERG GALAXY: PUBLISHING AT 2000 AND BEYOND

Electronic journal (e-journal) publishing has started to change the ways we think about publish-ing. However, many scholars and scientists in the mind and brain sciences are still ignorant of the new possibilities and on-going debates. This paper will provide a summary of the issues in-volved, give an update of the current discussion, and supply practical information on issues re-lated to e- journal publishing and self-archiving relevant for the mind and brain sciences. Issues such as differences between traditional and e-journal publishing, open archive initiatives, world-wide conventions, quality control, costs involved in e-journal publishing, and copyright questions will be addressed. Practical hints on how to self-archive, how to submit to the e-journal Psycolo-quy, how to create an open research archive, and where to find information relevant to e-publishing will be supplied

The Labor Market, Then and Now: Changing Realities in the 21st Century

Skyrocketing unemployment is only one of a number of profound changes transforming the U.S. labor market, workforce, and education system in the first decade of the 21st Century. The new realities affecting jobs, careers, and retirement are transforming Americans' attitudes toward work. This research brief, capturing the changing perceptions of workers between 1999 and 2009, was prepared by Carl Van Horn and Nicole Corre of the John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, a research and policy center at Rutgers University. The brief summarizes workforce mega-trends by drawing upon the most authoritative sources available and from the Heldrich Center's Work Trends series of two-dozen nationwide worker surveys that began in 1998. (The complete set of Work Trends surveys is available at www.heldrich.rutgers.edu)

Distinguishing the commonsense senses

This paper proposes a methodological strategy to investigate the question of the individuation of the senses both from a commonsensical and a scientific point of view. We start by discussing some traditional and recent criteria for distinguishing the senses and argue that none of them taken in isolation seems to be able to handle both points of views. We then pay close attention to the faculty of hearing which offers promising examples of the strategy we pursue of combining commonsense and science. In particular, we argue in favour of a distinction between two kinds of modes of presentation associated with sound perception: a mechanical mode of presentation that makes sounds perceptible by other modalities than audition such as touch and a tonal mode of presentation that makes people conceive of sounds as the proper objects of auditory perception

High-level synthesis under I/O Timing and Memory constraints

The design of complex Systems-on-Chips implies to take into account communication and memory access constraints for the integration of dedicated hardware accelerator. In this paper, we present a methodology and a tool that allow the High-Level Synthesis of DSP algorithm, under both I/O timing and memory constraints. Based on formal models and a generic architecture, this tool helps the designer to find a reasonable trade-off between both the required I/O timing behavior and the internal memory access parallelism of the circuit. The interest of our approach is demonstrated on the case study of a FFT algorithm

Sustainability aspects of biobased applications : comparison of different crops and products from the sugar platform BO-12.05-002-008

In this study different uses of biomass are compared. In order to allow for a systematic comparison the study focuses on three different chemicals that can be produced from sugar. In this way it is also, in principle, possible to compare different crops for the production of the same product. The study focuses on the production of PLA (polylactic acid, a bioplastic), ethanol, and biopolyethylene (bio-PE, which is produced via ethanol). These three products can presently be produced from biomass and therefore form realistic cases. All three products are produced from sugars, and thus the systems can be decoupled at the sugar step. The sugar can be produced from different crops. In this study five different crops are compared: wheat, maize, sugar beet, sugar cane and Miscanthus. The sustainability aspects that we studied are non-renewable energy use (NREU), greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the crop-product chain and direct land use for producing the bio-materials

Popping Bubbles: Cryptanalysis of Homomorphic Encryption

Imagine an encryption scheme where it is possible to add and multiply numbers without any knowledge of the numbers. Instead one could manipulate encryptions of the numbers and then the decryption of the result would give the result of the arithmetic on the original numbers. Encryption algorithms with this property are called homomorphic and have various applications in cloud computing. Homomorphic encryption schemes exist but are generally so inefficient that they are not practical. This report introduces a toy cryptosystem called Bubbles: a somewhat homomorphic encryption scheme created by Professor Martin and Professor Sunar at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. We will show that the original scheme is insecure and may be efficiently popped . We will then examine two variations of the scheme that introduce noise to increase security and show that Bubbles is still vulnerable except when parameters are carefully chosen. However these safe parameter choices make Bubbles more inefficient than other recent homomorphic schemes

« Et nous voilà comme le choeur antique » : les avatars du choeur dans le théâtre de Jean Anouilh

Le théâtre de Jean Anouilh accorde une place essentielle au choeur antique en même temps qu’il le transforme et le remet en question. Le choeur est parfois méconnaissable : s’il apparaît sous son nom d’origine dans les réécritures de tragédies grecques (Antigone, Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit et Oedipe ou le roi boiteux), il est remplacé par un personnage familier de l’univers d’Anouilh dans les pièces ancrées dans un cadre plus contemporain : Lucien (Roméo et Jeannette), Tonton (Ne réveillez pas Madame) et l’orchestre (Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit) sont ses lointains héritiers. Le dramaturge prend également ses distances par rapport à son modèle antique par le moyen de la parodie : certains de ses personnages singent grotesquement le choeur plus qu’ils ne le remplacent. Enfin, Anouilh fait évoluer la fonction du choeur : spectateur et commentateur privilégié de l’affrontement entre les héros et les dieux, celui-ci devient aussi le porte-parole de l’auteur et de ses idées sur la tragédie. Il occupe ainsi un rôle déterminant dans le fonctionnement de la pièce.While the antique chorus takes pride of place in Jean Anouilh’s plays, it also gets questioned and redefined. At times, its nature is unrecognisable. For example, while clearly so labelled in such new takes on Greek tragedies as Antigone, Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit and Oedipe ou le roi boiteux, the chorus becomes instead a familiar character from Anouilh’s world in more modern plays: to wit, Lucien in Roméo et Jeannette, Tonton in Ne réveillez pas Madame, and the orchestra in Tu étais si gentil quand tu étais petit. The playwright also uses parody to distance himself from his antique inspiration, having some of his characters poke fun at the chorus they are meant to stand in for. Lastly, Anouilh forces the chorus to evolve from its role as preferred witness and commentator of events pitting heroes against Gods, taking on the additional responsibility of putting forth the playwright’s approach to tragedy. Thusly, the chorus becomes a pivotal component in the unfolding of the play