Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Esplanada: cultivar de cenoura de verão para fins de processamento Esplanada: a new tropical carrot variety suitable for minimum processing

A cenoura é uma das hortaliças tradicionais mais consumidas no Brasil. Entretanto, o consumo de mini cenouras tipo "cenourete" obtidas via processamento mínimo ainda é muito pequeno no país. Isto se deve possivelmente ao restrito conhecimento da tecnologia de produção deste produto e da dificuldade em se obter matéria prima de qualidade e com regularidade, especialmente no período de verão. As raízes das principais cultivares utilizadas no Brasil não apresentam características de qualidade como coloração, formato e tamanho adequados para possibilitar máximo rendimento industrial. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvida a cultivar de polinização aberta "Esplanada", que apresenta boa adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras, possui alta resistência à queima-das-folhas, baixa incidência de florescimento precoce no verão e resistência moderada a nematóides formadores de galhas. Estas características viabilizam seu cultivo em qualquer época do ano, nas principais regiões de produção. As raízes são compridas, finas e apresentam coloração uniforme, características estas adequadas para o processamento mínimo visando a produção de cenourete. Esta cultivar poderá ocupar posição estratégica na cadeia produtiva de cenoura, uma vez que vai possibilitar a produção de mini cenouras durante todo o ano em qualquer região do país.<br>Carrot is one of the most consumed vegetables in Brazil. However, the consumption of "baby carrots", obtained by minimally processed roots, is still very low in the country, due to lack of processing technology knowledge and the low amount of minimally processed carrots produced in Brazil as a consequence of the low industrial productivity. The carrot varieties currently employed in minimum processing have as major disadvantages a series of low quality attributes including inadequate root shape and size which precludes reaching the maximum industrial yield. In this context, Embrapa Hortaliças developed a new open pollinated carrot variety named "Esplanada", combining high adaptation to soil and climate conditions of Brazil, high resistance level to leaf blight and a moderate resistance level to root-knot nematodes and high quality roots with shape and size suitable for minimum processing. All these characteristics guarantee cultivation with almost no use of pesticides in the main carrot growing areas of Brazil. This new carrot variety has potential to occupy a strategic position in the carrot production chain, permitting the mini carrot production through minimum processing all year long in any carrot growing areas of the country

Caracterização morfológica de germoplasma de alho por análises multivariada componentes principais e variáveis canônicas Morphological characterisation of garlic germplasm by cluster, principal components and canonic variables analysis

O Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de alho, mantido pela Embrapa Hortaliças, possui 89 acessos representativos da diversidade genética da cultura no país. A presença de genótipos duplicados na coleção onera os custos de manutenção e dificulta a avaliação agronômica dos materiais. A identificação de duplicatas no BAG de alho foi feita com a utilização de 27 variáveis de caracteres morfológicos. Essa metodologia possibilitou a diferenciação de treze grupos de genótipos através de análise multivariada. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a distinção morfológica dos grupos através de análise de componentes principais foram: altura de plantas com folhas levantadas aos 60 dias; altura de plantas com folhas normais aos 60 dias; ângulo de inserção de folhas aos 90 dias; cor dos bulbos; número de bulbilhos de peneiras um, dois e quatro; peso de bulbilhos da peneira dois; peso médio de bulbos na colheita e peso médio de bulbos na debulha. Os parâmetros mais importantes na distinção de representantes de grupos de genótipos, na análise de variáveis canônicas foram: altura de plantas com folhas levantadas aos 120 dias e altura de plantas com folhas normais aos 60 dias; ângulo de inserção de folhas aos 90 dias; número de folhas aos 60 e aos 90 dias; número de bulbos na colheita; número total de bulbos; peso médio de plantas no primeiro dia e aos 60 dias da colheita e peso médio total de bulbos. Os genótipos representativos de diferentes grupos foram distintamente caracterizados com base em 34 parâmetros, complementados pela análise de variáveis canônicas.<br>The garlic Germplasm Collection maintained by Embrapa Hortaliças comprises 89 accessions, representing the genetic diversity of this crop in the country. Duplicates of the same genotype increase the cost of maintaining the collection, as well as make difficult their agronomic evaluation. The identification of duplicated accessions of the garlic Germoplasm Active Bank was obtained through analysis of 27 variables of morphological characteristics. Genotypic differentiation among thirteen groups was achieved by cluster analysis. The most important features for distinction of these groups through principal components analysis were: plant height with erect leaves at 60 days; plant height with normal leaves at 60 days; leaf insertion angle at 90 days; bulb colour; number of bulblets from sieves one, two, and four; weight of bulblets from sieve two; average weight of bulbs at harvest time; and average bulb weight at threshing time. The most important features for the distinction of group genotype representatives by canonic variables analysis were: plant height with erect leaves at 120 days; plant height with normal leaves at 60 days; leaf insertion angle at 90 days; number of leaves at 60 and 90 days; number of bulbs at harvest time; total number of bulbs; average weight of plants at first day and at 60 days; and average weight of bulbs. Genotype representatives of different groups were distinctly characterised on the basis of 34 parameters, complemented by canonic variables analysis

Desempenho de cultivares de alface no Estado do Acre Performance of lettuce cultivars in the State of Acre, Brazil

Devido às condições ambientais verificadas no estado do Acre, caracterizado pela ocorrência de temperaturas elevadas e alta precipitação, as cultivares tradicionalmente utilizadas pelos produtores apresentam baixo rendimento e qualidade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das novas cultivares de alface disponíveis no mercado, em termos de características agronômicas e rendimento, nas condições edafoclimáticas de Rio Branco, Acre. Para isso foram realizados dois ensaios no campo experimental da Embrapa Acre, em um solo do tipo Argissolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura argilosa. O primeiro de maio a julho de 1996 (período seco) e o segundo de dezembro de 1996 a fevereiro de 1997 (período chuvoso). Foram avaliadas as cultivares Babá de Verão, Brisa, Carolina AG-576, Elisa, Lucy Brown, Marisa AG-216, Piracicaba 65, Regina 71, Tainá, Simpson, Vanessa e Verônica, sendo que 'Regina 71' e 'Elisa' foram incluídas apenas no ensaio do período seco. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. No período seco, as cultivares Simpson, Lucy Brown e Regina 71 apresentaram os maiores pesos médios (373; 362 e 341 g, respectivamente) e produções comerciais de 49,8; 48,3 e 45,5 t/ha, respectivamente. Em geral, as cultivares dos tipos lisa sem cabeça e lisa com cabeça apresentaram maior índice de ataque de nematóide (Meloidogyne javanica) quando comparadas às do tipo crespa. No ensaio realizado no período chuvoso, as cultivares Marisa AG-216, Verônica, Lucy Brown, Brisa, Tainá e Piracicaba-65 apresentaram os maiores pesos médios e produções comerciais. Entretanto, as médias obtidas foram bem inferiores às verificadas no ensaio do período seco, variando de 164 a 198 g para o peso médio, e 21,9 a 25,9 t/ha para produção comercial. Dentre as cultivares avaliadas no período seco, Regina 71 (lisa, sem cabeça) e Carolina AG-576 (lisa, com cabeça) destacaram-se entre as do tipo lisa, apresentando folhas de tamanho uniforme e bem arranjadas. Entre as de folha crespa solta destacaram-se as cultivares. Verônica e Marisa. A cultivar Lucy Brown do tipo americana (crisp head) também foi bastante produtiva.<br>Due to the environmental conditions verified in the state of Acre, characterized by the occurrence of high temperatures and precipitation, cultivars traditionally used by the producers present low yield and poor quality. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the behavior of the new lettuce cultivars available in the market, in terms of agronomic characteristics and yield, in the climatic and soil conditions of Rio Branco. Two trials were accomplished in the Embrapa Acre experimental farm, in a dark red claysoil, of loamy texture. The first from May to July 1996 (dry season) and the second from December 1996 to February 1997 (rainy season). The cultivars Babá de Verão, Brisa, Carolina AG-576, Elisa, Lucy Brown, Marisa AG-216, Piracicaba 65, Regina 71, Tainá, Simpson, Vanessa and Verônica were evaluated. 'Regina 71' and 'Elisa' were only included on the dry season trial. The experimental design was a randomized block, with three replications. During the dry season, the cultivars Simpson, Lucy Brown and Regina 71 presented the largest average weights (373; 362 and 341 g, respectively) and commercial yields (49.8; 48.3 and 45.5 t/ha, respectively). In general, the cultivars with smooth leaves with or without head presented larger nematoid (Meloidogyne javanica) attack index, when compared to the curly type ones. In the rainy season trials, the cultivars Marisa AG-216, Verônica, Lucy Brown, Brisa, Tainá and Piracicaba-65 presented the greatest average weights and commercial yields. However, the obtained averages were very inferior to that verified in the trials of the dry period, varying from 164 to 198 g for average weight, and from 21.9 to 25.9 t/ha for commercial yield. Of those cultivars tested on the dry season, Regina 71 (butter head/less firm head) and Carolina (butter head) AG-576 stood out among the butterhead types, while Verônica, Marisa AG-216 (loose leaf/wavy and frilled leaves) were the best among the loose leaf types, obtaining good yield. 'Lucy Brown' stood out among the crisphead types

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

International audienceAbstract Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance