Centralized Algorithms Based on Clustering with Self-tuning of Parameters for Cooperative Target Observation

Clustering on target positions is a class of centralized algorithms used to calculate the surveillance robots' displacements in the Cooperative Target Observation (CTO) problem. This work proposes and evaluates Fuzzy C-means (FCM) and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) with K-means (DBSk) based self-tuning clustering centralized algorithms for the CTO problem and compares its performances with that of K-means. Two random motion patterns are adopted for the targets: in free space or on a grid. As a contribution, the work allows identifying ranges of problem configuration parameters in which each algorithm shows the highest average performance. As a first conclusion, in the challenging situation in which the relative speed of the targets is high, and the relative sensor range of the surveillance is low, for which the existing algorithms present a substantial drop in performance, the FCM algorithm proposed outperforms the others. Finally, the DBSk algorithm adapts very well in low execution frequency, showing promising results in this challenging situation

Ação de prolil-leucil-gliclnamida (PLG) na via nigroestriatal do rato

In order to study the nigrostriatal pathway, we obtained the rotatory behavior model in male Wistar rats by electrolytic lesion of the left lateral hypothalamic region. Animals thus lesioned displayed rotations toward the same side of lesion when apomorphine was administered, a result in disagreement with what has been obtained in the model with 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. The administration of PLG alone was not followed by rotatory behavior but when the compound was administered in low doses (0.25 to 1mg/kg) simultaneously with apomorphine to animals previously submitted to REM sleep deprivation, a significant increase in the number of rotations was observed in comparison with controls and groups receiving higher doses of PLG. These results indicate that PLG may act as, a modulator on dopamine receptors in the striatum.No intuito de estudar a via nigroestriatal, produzimos uma lesão na região hipotalâmica lateral de ratos Wistar. Os animais passavam a apresentar comportamento rotatório para o mesmo lado da lesão. A administração isolada do PLG não induziu o comportamento rotatório. Entretanto, com doses baixas do composto, concomitantemente à administração de apomorfina em animais previamente submetidos à privação de sono REM, observou-se aumento no número de rotações auando comparado ao grupo controle e aos grupos aue receberam doses altas de PLG. Estes achados sugerem que o PLG age como um modulador sobre os receptores dopaminérgicos do estriado.Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Division of Extrapyramidal Diseases InvestigationEscola Paulista de Medicina Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Head of the Division - Division of Extrapyramidal Diseases InvestigationUNIFESP, EPM, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Division of Extrapyramidal Diseases InvestigationEscola Paulista de Medicina Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Head of the Division - Division of Extrapyramidal Diseases InvestigationSciEL

Caracterização patológica, microbiológica e imuno-histoquímica de colibacilose em frangos de corte de Moçambique

Avian colibacillosis is an acute and globally occurring infectious disease of domestic and wild birds caused by Escherichia coli, and it is associated with considerable economic losses mainly due to the morbidity and mortality associated. The present study aimed to describe the pathological, bacteriological and immunohistochemical aspects of avian colibacillosis in broiler chickens of Mozambique. Forty-nine broiler chicken presented anorexia, decreased weight gain, ataxia, diarrhea, dyspnea, and death in a clinical course of 3-5 days. The birds were raised in five farms (small, medium and large farms) with manual and automatic breeding system, with flocks ranging from 100 to 20,000 birds. At the necropsy, all birds had poor body condition, and the pericardium and the Glisson’s capsule of all avian exhibited different degrees of adherence often associated with severe fibrin deposition. The thoracic and abdominal air sacs were thickened and adhered to the costal wall. Mild, moderate or marked hepatomegaly associated with white pinpoint multifocal areas (100%, 49/49) and mild to moderate splenomegaly in 75.5% (37/49) with a mottled surface were observed. The lungs and kidney were enlarged and reddish. Histologically, a multiorgan fibrinoheterophilic polyserositis was observed in 75.5% of the cases (37/49), which were characterized by inflammatory infiltrates composed mainly of degenerative heterophils, macrophages and plasma cells, associated with fibrin deposits and intermixed by coccobacillary bacterial basophilic aggregates. These affected mainly the pericardium (28.6%, 14/49), the pleura (18.4%, 9/49), the Glisson’s capsule (10.2%, 5/49), the ventriculus (10.2, 5/33), and the proventriculus (8.2%, 4/49) serosa. Multifocal to coalescing areas of coagulative necrosis associated with similar inflammatory cells were observed mainly in the spleen (28.6%, 14/49), liver (24.5%, 12/49), and intestines (22.4%, 11/49). A similar infiltrate was also observed affecting the the lungs (16.3%, 8/49), the kidney (16.3%, 8/49) and the myocardium (14.3%, 7/49). Isolation and identification of E. coli was obtained in 12 cases through bacterial culture. Some organs (2 cases of each farms) were selected and submitted to immunohistochemistry anti-E. coli, and a positive stain was observed in all tested cases in liver (3/3), heart (4/4), spleen (1/1), lungs (4/4), intestines (4/4), bursa of Fabricius (1/1), ventriculus (1/1), and proventriculus (1/1) tissue sections. These results demonstrate that E. coli was the cause of mortality in these birds. Therefore, biosecurity and management measures should be employed to prevent and control the disease occurrence in Mozambique’s poultry farming.A colibacilose aviária é uma doença aguda de ocorrência mundial que acomete aves domésticas e silvestres, causada por Escherichia coli e resulta em perdas econômicas consideráveis devido à elevada morbidade e mortalidade das aves. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de descrever os aspectos patológicos, bacteriológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de colibacilose aviária em frangos de corte de Moçambique. Um total de 49 frangos de corte apresentaram anorexia, baixo ganho de peso, ataxia, diarreia, dispneia e morte em um curso clínico de 3 a 5 dias. As aves eram provenientes de 5 granjas (pequenas, média e grandes), com sistema de criação manual e automático, com rebanhos que variavam de 100 a 20.000 aves. À necropsia, todas as aves exibiam condição corporal ruim a caquética, além de pericárdio e cápsula de Glisson de todas aves (100%; n=49) com diferentes graus de aderência e deposição de fibrina de forma difusa acentuada. Os sacos aéreos torácicos e abdominais estavam espessados e aderidos à parede costal. Foi observado ainda hepatomegalia discreta, moderada a severa frequentemente associada com áreas multifocais puntiformes brancacentas (100%; 49/49), e esplenomegalia discreta a moderada, associado a áreas multifocais moteadas (75,5%; 37/49). Os pulmões e rins estavam aumentados e com coloração avermelhada. Histologicamente, observou-se majoritariamente serosite fibrinoheterofílica em 75,5% dos casos (37/49), caracterizadas por infiltrado inflamatório composto por heterófilos degenerados, macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos, com deposição de fibrina entremeada por uma miríade de estruturas bacterianas cocobacilares. Esta lesão foi observada principalmente em pericárdio (28,6%; 14/49), pleura (18,4%; 9/49), cápsula de Glisson (10,2%; 5/49), ventrículo (10,2; 5/33) e em proventrículo (8,2%; 4/49). Áreas multifocais a coalescentes de necrose de coagulação associada a infiltrado inflamatório semelhante ao descrito foi observado principalmente no baço (28,6%; 14/49), fígado (24.5%; 12/49), e intestinos (8,2%; 4/49). Um infiltrado inflamatório semelhante também foi visualizado em pulmões (16,3%; 8/49), rins (16,3%; 8/49) e miocárdio (14,3%; 7/49), Colônias puras de E. coli foram identificadas e isoladas em 12 casos. Alguns órgãos (2 de cada granja) foram submetidos ao exame imuno-histoquímico anti-E. coli e marcação positiva foi visualizada em todos casos testados, como em fígado (3/3), coração (4/4), baço (1/1), pulmão (4/4), intestinos (4/4), bursa de Fabricius (1/1), rim (1/1), ventrículo (1/1) e proventrículo (1/1). Estes resultados demonstram que E. coli foi a causa de morte destas aves. Sendo assim, a adoção de boas medidas de biosseguridade e de manejo são indispensáveis para a prevenção e controle da ocorrência da doença nas granjas de frango de corte de Moçambique

Seasonality Role on the Phenolics from Cultivated Baccharis dracunculifolia

Baccharis dracunculifolia is the source of Brazilian green propolis (BGP). Considering the broad spectrum of biological activities attributed to green proplis, B. dracunculifolia has a great potential for the development of new cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. In this work, the cultivation of 10 different populations of native B. dracunculifolia had been undertaken aiming to determine the role of seasonality on its phenolic compounds. For this purpose, fruits of this plant were collected from populations of 10 different regions, and 100 individuals of each population were cultivated in an experimental area of 1800 m2. With respect to cultivation, the yields of dry plant, essential oil and crude extract were measured monthly resulting in mean values of 399 ± 80 g, 0.6 ± 0.1% and 20 ± 4%, respectively. The HPLC analysis allowed detecting seven phenolic compounds: caffeic acid, ferulic acid, aromadendrin-4′-methyl ether (AME), isosakuranetin, artepillin C, baccharin and 2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran acid, which were the major ones throughout the 1-year monthly analysis. Caffeic acid was detected in all cultivated populations with mean of 4.0%. AME displayed the wide variation in relation to other compounds showing means values of 0.65 ± 0.13% at last quarter. Isosakuranetin and artepillin C showed increasing concentrations with values between 0% and 1.4% and 0% and 1.09%, respectively. The obtained results allow suggesting that the best time for harvesting this plant, in order to obtain good qualitative and quantitative results for these phenolic compounds, is between December and April

Endometriose

Endometriosis is characterized by the dissemination of glands and endometrial stroma to ectopic sites in the uterine cavity and musculature. It is a contrasting disease that presents no association between clinical status and quantity of lesions. Some of the patients present asymptomatic, whereas others present diverse manifestation of clinical status characterized by pelvic pain, infertility, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia. The etiopathogeny of endometriosis is uncertain, and the most widely known hypotheses are related to celomic metaplasia, to transplantation, and to induction. The diagnosis of endometriosis is usually carried out through laparoscopy, in which case the identification of typical lesions confirms the diagnosis. Treatment for endometriosis includes induction of a pseudopregnancy state. There are many drugs that can be used to induce pregnancy, such as progestational hormones, derived forms of androgen, birth-control medication, and analogous forms of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endometriosis can also be surgically treated with a conservative procedure of cauterization and/or resection of the lesions. Cases of endometriosis that are more resistant or that occur in patients who are not worried about their fertility can be managed with more aggressive surgical procedures such as hysterectomy, for example. Infertility is treated with techniques of assisted reproduction in cases associated with anatomical factors. In all forms of treatment there is a relatively high incidence of recurrence and failure, in which case different therapeutic options should be employed.Endometriose é caracterizada pela presença de glândulas e estroma endometrial fora da cavidade e musculatura uterinas. É uma doença de contrastes, onde não há associação entre a intensidade do quadro clínico e a quantidade das lesões. Uma parcela das pacientes são assintomáticas, com a outra porção variando na apresentação do quadro clínico que é caracterizado por dor pélvica, infertilidade, dismenorréia e dispareunia. Não existe até o momento uma etiopatogenia definida para a endometriose e as teorias mais conhecidas envolvem a metaplasia celômica, os implantes ectópicos e a indução de células multipotenciais. O diagnóstico da endometriose normalmente é realizado através da laparoscopia, onde a identificação de lesões características firma o diagnóstico. O tratamento pressupõe um estado de pseudogestação. Há diversas medicações que produzem esse efeito como os progestágenos, os derivados androgênicos, os anticoncepcionais e os análogos do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofinas (GnRH). Outra forma de tratamento é o cirúrgico conservador onde há cauterização e/ou ressecção das lesões. Os casos mais resistentes ou onde não existe mais preocupação com fertilidade podem ser manejados com tratamentos cirúrgicos mais agressivos como a histerectomia. A infertilidade é tratada com técnicas de reprodução assistida quando há fator anatômico associado. Em todas as formas de tratamento há um índice relativamente alto de recorrências e falhas a determinados tipos de tratamento, que devem ser manejados com outras opções terapêuticas.