Pero aún así: Fetichismo y renegación en la teoría de la ideología de Slavoj Žižek

La tríada distorsión, legitimación y crítica de la realidad social se encuentra en el centro de los debates teóricos en torno a la ideología. Este artículo describe, en primer lugar, el modo en que Slavoj Žižek redefine el concepto marxista de “fetichismo de la mercancía” siguiendo el modelo de la teoría psicoanalítica del fetichismo. Se aborda luego cómo el mecanismo freudiano de la “renegación” (Verleugnung), así como los conceptos de creencia y fantasía, permiten a Žižek resolver algunos dilemas que supone la idea de distorsión ideológica. De este modo, se discute en qué sentido Žižek ofrece una alternativa a los modelos tradicionales de la legitimación en sociología y psicología social, subrayando el funcionamiento cotidiano de la ideología. Finalmente, a partir de una reflexión en torno a las articulaciones entre renegación, creencia e inconsciente, se discuten una serie de malentendidos conceptuales que supone la teoría de la ideología en Žižek. -- The triad of distortion, legitimisation and critique of social reality is at the heart of theoretical debates about ideology. This article first describes how Slavoj Žižek redefines the Marxist concept of “commodity fetishism” on the model of the psychoanalytical theory of fetishism. The article then discusses how the Freudian mechanism of “disavowal” (Verleugnung), as well as the concepts of belief and fantasy, allow Žižek to solve some dilemmas that the idea of ideological distortion entails. In this way, it is discussed in what sense Žižek offers an alternative to the traditional models of legitimization in sociology and social psychology, emphasizing the everyday functioning of ideology. Finally, based on a reflection on the articulations between disavowal, belief and the unconscious, a series of conceptual misunderstandings are discussed that Žižek’s theory of ideology involves

Experiencias del desasosiego: salud mental y malestar en Chile

Un sentimiento generalizado de desasosiego recorre Chile.Nuestro país muestra positivos indicadores económicos y sociales en los últimos treinta años: el ingreso per cápita ha pasado de 5 a 16 mil dólares, se ha masificado la educación, existe mayor acceso a la vivienda, el consumo no detiene su expansión y se ha consolidado un elevado índice de desarrollo humano. Y sin embargo, cada vez es más común escuchar hablar de un sentimiento difuso de "malestar".La experiencia chilena de desasosiego ha venido acompañada por la instalación de un lenguaje del malestar que parece encontrar en la gramática de la "salud mental" una forma privilegiada de expresión: ya sea bajo la forma de indicadores epidemiológicos (ansiedad, depresión, suicidio, etc.), en la demanda creciente de atención en salud mental (psiquiátrica y/o psicoterapéutica) o en el aumento acelerado de licencias médicas por causas psiquiátricas.  

Plan de mejoramiento en el área comercial para la empresa equipos cortes y sellos

Se definió la realización de un plan de mejoramiento en el área comercial, para el cual fue necesario la ejecución de un diagnóstico de la situación actual, identificando fortalezas y debilidades para finalmente plantear las opciones de mejora del área comercial. Para ejecutar lo anterior se generaron entrevistas a los encargados del proceso y se desarrollaron metodologías como la matriz Dofa y la matriz de Boston identificando las debilidades y fortalezas, con el objetivo de definir finalmente la factibilidad de desarrollar un plan de mejoramiento que le permita a la compañía alcanzar los objetivos trazados

The multiple meanings of ADHD: between deficit, disruption and hidden potential

The purpose of this article is to describe the subjective experience of the diagnosis of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the cultural meanings that shape this experience. Based on interviews and discussion groups with diagnosed people and their families in Chile and France, this article show that ADHD can acquire multiple meanings. From a thematic analysis, we identified three registers or ways of living and thinking about ADHD. In the deficit register, the disorder is experienced primarily as a failure of certain abilities. In the disruption register, the disorder is experienced as disrupting the person’s life, personality and interactions, which must then be normalized. In the register of hidden potential, on which this article focuses, ADHD is simultaneously thought of as a difficult and valuable condition, a source of exceptional capacities that are often hidden in the ordinary functioning of social life. We therefore invite reflection that identifies the factors of mobilization or non-mobilization of the hidden potential register, with particular emphasis not only on relational configurations, socio-economic variables, and the gender variable, but also on the institutional and political context of each country

Validation of a double fed induction generator wind turbine model and wind farm verification following the Spanish grid code

Wind turbine manufacturers are required by transmission system operators for fault ride-through capability as the penetra-tion of wind energy in the electrical systems grows. For this reason, testing and modeling of wind turbines and wind farmsare required by the national grid codes to verify the fulfillment of this capability.Therefore, wind turbine models are required to simulate the evolution of voltage, current, reactive and active powerduring faults. The simulation results obtained from these wind turbine models are used for verification, validation and cer-tification against the real wind turbines measurement results, although evolution of electrical variables during the fault andits clearance is not easy to fulfill.The purpose of this paper is to show the different stages involved in the fulfillment of the procedure of operation forfault ride-through capability of the Spanish national grid code (PO 12.3) and the ‘procedure for verification, validation andcertification of the requirements of the PO 12.3 on the response of wind farms in the event of voltage dips’. The process hasbeen applied to a wind farm composed of Gamesa G52 wind turbines, and the results obtained are presented.The authors would like to thank GAMESA for the technical and financial support. The financial support provided by ‘Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha’ (PEII10-0171-1803) and ‘Ministerio de Ciencia y Innovación’ (ENE2009-13106) is gratefully acknowledged

A mesoscopic simulator to uncover heterogeneity and evolutionary dynamics in tumors

Increasingly complex in silico modeling approaches offer a way to simultaneously access cancerous processes at different spatio-temporal scales. High-level models, such as those based on partial differential equations, are computationally affordable and allow large tumor sizes and long temporal windows to be studied, but miss the discrete nature of many key underlying cellular processes. Individual-based approaches provide a much more detailed description of tumors, but have difficulties when trying to handle full-sized real cancers. Thus, there exists a trade-off between the integration of macroscopic and microscopic information, now widely available, and the ability to attain clinical tumor sizes. In this paper we put forward a stochastic mesoscopic simulation framework that incorporates key cellular processes during tumor progression while keeping computational costs to a minimum. Our framework captures a physical scale that allows both the incorporation of microscopic information, tracking the spatio-temporal emergence of tumor heterogeneity and the underlying evolutionary dynamics, and the reconstruction of clinically sized tumors from high-resolution medical imaging data, with the additional benefit of low computational cost. We illustrate the functionality of our modeling approach for the case of glioblastoma, a paradigm of tumor heterogeneity that remains extremely challenging in the clinical setting.This research has been supported by grants awarded to VMPG by James S. Mc. Donnell Foundation, United States of America, 21st Century Science Initiative in Mathematical and Complex Systems Approaches for Brain Cancer (collaborative award 220020560) and Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (grant number SBPLY/17/180501/000154). VMPG and GFC thank the funding from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain (grant number PID2019-110895RB-I00). This research has also been supported by a grant awarded to GFC and JBB by the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (grant number SBPLY/19/180501/000211). AMR received support from Asociacion Pablo Ugarte (http://www.asociacionpablougarte.es). JJS received support from Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (grant number 2020-PREDUCLM-15634). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Erythema Increase Predicts Psoriasis Improvement after Phototherapy

Psoriasis is a major global health problem. There is a need to develop techniques to help physicians select the most appropriate cost-effective therapy for each patient. The main objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate changes in epidermal barrier function and skin homeostasis after phototherapy and (2) to explore potentially predictive values in epidermal barrier function and skin homeostasis to assess clinical improvement after fifteen sessions of phototherapy. A total of 76 subjects, 38 patients with plaque-type psoriasis and 38 gender- and age-matched healthy volunteers, were included in the study. Erythema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), temperature, stratum corneum hydration (SCH), pH, sebum, and antioxidant capacity were measured before and after the first and fifteenth phototherapy session. Erythema (401.09 vs. 291.12 vs. 284.52 AU, p < 0.001) and TEWL (18.23 vs. 11.44 vs. 11.41 g·m−2 ·h −1 , p < 0.001) were significantly higher at psoriatic plaques than in uninvolved psoriatic skin and healthy volunteers, respectively, while SCH was lower (9.71 vs. 44.64 vs. 40.00 AU, p < 0.001). After fifteen phototherapy sessions, TEWL (–5.19 g·m−2 ·h −1 , p = 0.016) decreased while SCH (+7.01 AU, p = 0.013) and erythema (+30.82 AU, p = 0.083) increased at psoriatic plaques. An erythema increase exceeding 53.23 AU after the first phototherapy session, with a sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 84.2%, indicates that a patient may improve Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) by ≥3 points after fifteen phototherapy sessions. In conclusion, phototherapy improves epidermal barrier function in psoriatic patients and the erythema increase after one phototherapy session could help doctors select psoriasis patients who are more likely to respond to phototherapy

Evolutionary dynamics at the tumor edge reveal metabolic imaging biomarkers

Human cancers are biologically and morphologically heterogeneous. A variety of clonal populations emerge within these neoplasms and their interaction leads to complex spatiotemporal dynamics during tumor growth. We studied the reshaping of metabolic activity in human cancers by means of continuous and discrete mathematical models and matched the results to positron emission tomography (PET) imaging data. Our models revealed that the location of increasingly active proliferative cellular spots progressively drifted from the center of the tumor to the periphery, as a result of the competition between gradually more aggressive phenotypes. This computational finding led to the development of a metric, normalized distance from F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) hotspot to centroid (NHOC), based on the separation from the location of the activity (proliferation) hotspot to the tumor centroid. The NHOC metric can be computed for patients using F-18-FDG PET-computed tomography (PET/CT) images where the voxel of maximum uptake (standardized uptake value [SUV]max) is taken as the activity hotspot. Two datasets of F-18-FDG PET/CT images were collected, one from 61 breast cancer patients and another from 161 non-small-cell lung cancer patients. In both cohorts, survival analyses were carried out for the NHOC and for other classical PET/CT-based biomarkers, finding that the former had a high prognostic value, outperforming the latter. In summary, our work offers additional insights into the evolutionary mechanisms behind tumor progression, provides a different PET/CT-based biomarker, and reveals that an activity hotspot closer to the tumor periphery is associated to a worst patient outcome

Induction immunosuppression and outcome in kidney transplant recipients with early COVID-19 after transplantation

COVID-19 infection; Basiliximab; Renal transplantationInfección por COVID-19; Basiliximab; Trasplante renalInfecció per COVID-19; Basiliximab; Trasplantament renalCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients has a high risk of complications and mortality, especially in older recipients diagnosed during the early period after transplantation. Management of immunosuppression has been challenging during the pandemic. We investigated the impact of induction immunosuppression, either basiliximab or thymoglobulin, on the clinical evolution of kidney transplant recipients developing COVID-19 during the early period after transplantation. We included kidney transplant recipients with ˂6 months with a functioning graft diagnosed with COVID-19 from the initial pandemic outbreak (March 2020) until 31 July 2021 from different Spanish centres participating in a nationwide registry. A total of 127 patients from 17 Spanish centres developed COVID-19 during the first 6 months after transplantation; 73 (57.5%) received basiliximab and 54 (42.5%) thymoglobulin. Demographics were not different between groups but patients receiving thymoglobulin were more sensitized [calculated panel reactive antibodies (cPRAs) 32.7 ± 40.8% versus 5.6 ± 18.5%] and were more frequently retransplants (30% versus 4%). Recipients ˃65 years of age treated with thymoglobulin showed the highest rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome [64.7% versus 37.1% for older recipients receiving thymoglobulin and basiliximab (P .05)], respectively, and the poorest survival [mortality rate 64.7% and 42.9% for older recipients treated with thymoglobulin and basiliximab, respectively (P .05), respectively]. Older recipients treated with thymoglobulin showed the poorest survival in the Cox regression model adjusted for comorbidities. Thus thymoglobulin should be used with caution in older recipients during the present pandemic era