DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL GÉNERO JATROPHA L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) EN EL ESTADO DE PUEBLA, MÉXICO

Eleven Jatropha species are reported forPuebla representing 24% of diversity inMexico. All of them are distributed mainlyin Cuenca del Balsas and Tehuacan-Cuica tlan Valley. The types of vegetation withmore species are the tropical deciduousforest and xerophytic scrub. The presenceof J. elbae J. Jiménez Ram., J. oaxacana J.Jiménez Ram. & R. Torres, J. pseudocurcasMüll. Arg. and J. websteri J. Jiménez Ram.is reported for the first time in the state.We highlight the probable disappearanceof two Puebla endemic species, J. riojaeMiranda and J. rufescens Brandegee.Se registran once especies de Jatropha enel estado de Puebla, que representan el 24%de la diversidad del género en México, todas ellas distribuidas principalmente en lacuenca del Balsas y el valle de TehuacánCuicatlán, los tipos de vegetación con másespecies son el bosque tropical caducifolioy el matorral xerófilo. La presencia de J.elbae J. Jiménez Ram., J. oaxacana J. Jiménez Ram. & R. Torres, J. pseudocurcasMüll. Arg. y J. websteri J. Jiménez Ram. esreportada por primera vez en el estado. Seseñala la posible desaparición de dos especies endémicas de Puebla J. riojae Miranday J. rufescens Brandegee

Steganography applied in the origin claim of pictures captured by drones based on chaos

In this work, steganography is implemented in photographs captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone), with the purpose of adding an identifier that indicates which device they are taken from so it works for the recovery of the origin. In the system, a new technique that modifies the least significant bit (LSB) is applied, using a mathematical model to generate the chaotic orbits, one of the parts selects the RGB channel (Red, Green or Blue) where the LSB is changed and the other is implemented to calculate the random position of the sub pixel to be modified in the selected channel. In addition, a comparison between the bit to be hidden and the LSB of the pixel of the image is performed to verify if it is not necessary to modify it, which lessens the alterations in the container image. It is a tool to capture photos remotely with the Ar.Drone 2.0, with the features needed to perform an analysis that uses correlation diagrams and histograms to verify if the integrity of the message is guaranteed or if changes in the stego-image are visible to the naked eye. On the other hand, a test was done on the Baboon image to compare the robustness of the proposed system with other investigations, evaluating the correlation, contrast, energy, homogeneity, MSE, PSNR and quality index. The results generated were compared with the work of other authors concluding our system provides greater security, integrity, high sensitivity to the keys, it is not linked to a single chaotic system and can be applied to hide imperceptibly all kinds of information, in: radiographs, videos, files, official documents, and other types of containers.En este trabajo se implementó esteganografía en las fotografías capturadas por un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (dron), con la finalidad de agregar un identificador que indique desde que dispositivo fueron tomadas, y funcione para la reclamación de origen. En el sistema se aplicó una nueva técnica que modifica el bit menos significativo (LSB) usando un modelo matemático que se utiliza para generar dos órbitas caóticas, una de las cuales se usa para seleccionar el canal RGB (Rojo, Verde o Azul), donde se cambió el LSB y la otra se implementó para calcular de forma aleatoria la posición del subpixel que se modificará en el canal seleccionado; además se realizó una comparación entre el bit que se desea ocultar y el LSB del pixel de la imagen, para verificar si no es necesario modificarlo, lo cual altera menos la imagen original. Se realizaron pruebas del algoritmo en un Ar.drone 2.0, pero se puede aplicar para ocultar de forma imperceptible todo tipo de información, en: radiografías, videos, archivos, documentos oficiales, o cualquier otro tipo de contendor

Steganography applied in the origin claim of pictures captured by drones based on chaos

In this work, steganography is implemented in photographs captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone), with the purpose of adding an identifier that indicates which device they are taken from so it works for the recovery of the origin. In the system, a new technique that modifies the least significant bit (LSB) is applied, using a mathematical model to generate the chaotic orbits, one of the parts selects the RGB channel (Red, Green or Blue) where the LSB is changed and the other is implemented to calculate the random position of the sub pixel to be modified in the selected channel. In addition, a comparison between the bit to be hidden and the LSB of the pixel of the image is performed to verify if it is not necessary to modify it, which lessens the alterations in the container image. It is a tool to capture photos remotely with the Ar.Drone 2.0, with the features needed to perform an analysis that uses correlation diagrams and histograms to verify if the integrity of the message is guaranteed or if changes in the stego-image are visible to the naked eye. On the other hand, a test was done on the Baboon image to compare the robustness of the proposed system with other investigations, evaluating the correlation, contrast, energy, homogeneity, MSE, PSNR and quality index. The results generated were compared with the work of other authors concluding our system provides greater security, integrity, high sensitivity to the keys, it is not linked to a single chaotic system and can be applied to hide imperceptibly all kinds of information, in: radiographs, videos, files, official documents, and other types of containers.En este trabajo se implementó esteganografía en las fotografías capturadas por un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (dron), con la finalidad de agregar un identificador que indique desde que dispositivo fueron tomadas, y funcione para la reclamación de origen. En el sistema se aplicó una nueva técnica que modifica el bit menos significativo (LSB) usando un modelo matemático que se utiliza para generar dos órbitas caóticas, una de las cuales se usa para seleccionar el canal RGB (Rojo, Verde o Azul), donde se cambió el LSB y la otra se implementó para calcular de forma aleatoria la posición del subpixel que se modificará en el canal seleccionado; además se realizó una comparación entre el bit que se desea ocultar y el LSB del pixel de la imagen, para verificar si no es necesario modificarlo, lo cual altera menos la imagen original. Se realizaron pruebas del algoritmo en un Ar.drone 2.0, pero se puede aplicar para ocultar de forma imperceptible todo tipo de información, en: radiografías, videos, archivos, documentos oficiales, o cualquier otro tipo de contendor

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos Santander y Norte de Santander

Desde una revisión de la producción académica con el objetivo de proponer recursos para el afrontamiento psicosocial del conflicto armado teniendo en cuenta que el conflicto armado en Colombia suma más de cinco décadas; victimizando a través de la violación de los derechos humanos a regiones enteras, a través de la evaluación con base en el enfoque narrativo, los autores destacan la importancia de promover la subjetividad desde la identificación de los emergentes psicosociales y en la construcción de la memoria y reflexiones sobre los elementos resilientes que han ayudado a las víctimas a reconstruir sus vidas. Al examinar el caso Amparo de la Comisión de la verdad, se pueden identificar la lucha como sobreviviente y reclamo de los derechos de otras víctimas. La narrativa de la masacre en El Salado, muestra con claridad la violación de los derechos humanos. De acuerdo con la herramienta utilizada por el pensamiento sistémico, a través del enfoque narrativo; el psicólogo se basa en preguntas reflexivas, circulares y de afrontamiento con el fin de orientar a las personas victimizadas hacia la supervivencia, desarrollando habilidades individuales, colectivas y la autogestión. A partir de la acción psicosocial utilizando como recurso el enfoque narrativo, se anima a la construcción de estrategias para que las personas dejen atrás el daño y avancen como sujetos emergentes en resignificaciones, de lo vivido y construcción de tejido social. En conclusión, el informe destaca la importancia de proponer acciones psicosociales desde el enfoque narrativo para abordar avances psicológicos, emocionales, ante los traumas del conflicto armado a nivel individual y comunitario.From a review of academic production with the aim of proposing resources for the psychosocial management of the armed conflict, bearing in mind that the armed conflict in Colombia amounts to more than five decades; victimizing entire regions through human rights violations, through evaluation based on the narrative approach, the authors stress the importance of promoting subjectivity from the identification of emerging psychosocial and memory-building and reflections on the resilient elements that have helped victims rebuild their lives. In examining the Commission’s Amparo case, the struggle can be identified as a survivor and a claim to the rights of other victims. The narrative of the massacre in El Salado clearly shows the violation of human rights. According to the tool used by systemic thinking, through the narrative approach; the psychologist is based on reflective, circular and coping questions in order to guide victimized people towards survival, developing individual, collective and self-management skills. From psychosocial action using the narrative approach as a resource, the construction of strategies is encouraged so that people leave behind the damage and advance as emerging subjects in resignifications, living and construction of social fabric. In conclusion, the report highlights the importance of proposing psychosocial actions from the narrative approach to address psychological and emotional advances in the face of the traumas of armed conflict at the individual and community levels

Potential community-based control by use of plastic film to block aedes aegypti (L.) egg adhesion

Abstract. Monitoring and control programs for yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), usually do not focus on the egg as a potential target for control. The egg is the most numerous life stage but is invisible to conventional inspection by a sticky pad that attaches it. This laboratory study evaluated the potential ovicidal effect of five commonly used plastics. Plastic liners in oviposition containers were exposed to gravid female mosquitoes in an insectary. The percentage of eggs that hatched was recorded. The plastic liners altered the places where eggs were laid, i.e., 27.0% were glued onto the plastic film, 70.0% remained floating, and 3.0% were submerged. Vinyl blocked most egg adhesion, with a mean of 7.05 ± 10.1 eggs, compared to 170.7 ± 68.6 eggs for the check. Pooled numbers of glued, floating, and submerged eggs showed fewest eggs hatched on vinyl or low-density polyethylene, resulting in the death of 94.7% of the embryos. Plastics waterproofing property might be blocking the hyaluronic acid, the component of the sticky substance of mosquito eggs. Results demonstrated the potential use of plastic strips as an ovicide. Plastics should be studied further for use in community-based programs to control dengue

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes at nonresidential sites might be related to transmission of dengue virus in Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico

has been assumed to be households. In Mexico, dengue outbreaks continue year after year despite intense control efforts. Nonresidential sites (public and private spaces) infested with Aedes aegypti (L.) were evaluated. In total, 141 nonresidential sites were sampled for the presence of potential and active oviposition sites and adult mosquitoes. Eighty percent of the sites were oviposition sites; Ae. aegypti adults were recovered at 94.7% of nonresidential sites. Most female Ae. aegypti, 21.6 and 10.4, were at schools and recreational sites, respectively. Chi-squared indicated no significant differences in the dengue vector to categories of sample site

Natural transmission of dengue virus by aedes albopictus at Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico

Dengue cases occur frequently at Nuevo Leon, Mexico, where Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) are present. Ae. albopictus is considered the second vector of dengue. Because it bites humans outdoors during the day, the mosquito plays an important role in transmission of dengue virus (DENV). However, no previous studies at Nuevo Leon indicated the role of the mosquito outdoors. To assess Ae. albopictus for dengue virus, mosquitoes were collected from April to October 2010 at five localities at Guadalupe and Santiago, Nuevo Leon, (Northeast) Mexico, by using two methods: engine backpack aspirator and ovitraps. In total, 1,836 Ae. albopictus and 833 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected by ovitrap and engine backpack aspirator methods. Groups of mosquitoes were processed by RT-PCR. Examination for DENV infection of mosquitoes showed one positive group of four female Ae. albopictus from an ovitrap. This research provided information that showed transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Ae. albopictus occurred naturally, maintaining endemic levels of disease at a study site

Detection of dengue virus serotype 2 in aedes aegypti in Quintana Roo, Mexico, 2011

Abstract. In October 2011, the State Health Department announced that several laboratory-confirmed cases of dengue had occurred among residents in two neighborhoods of Benito Juarez, Quintana Roo State, Mexico. To identify the dengue virus serotype(s) temporally and spatially associated with the cases, entomologic-based virus surveillance was initiated in October 2011 in both neighborhoods. Adult mosquitoes were collected from 88 houses by CDCbackpack aspirator, and all female Aedes aegypti L. (n = 419) were individually homogenized and assayed in pools of as many as 10 by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using dengue virus-specific primers. Five (12%) of 41 pools were positive for dengue virus RNA. The individual mosquitoes that comprised the pools were analyzed separately by RT-PCR using dengue virus serotype-specific primers. Six mosquitoes were positive for dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV-2) RNA, three of which were collected in the same house. The mean number of female Ae. aegypti collected in each house was 4.76 ± 6.19. The overall dengue virus-infection rate in female Ae. aegypti was 1.4%. Interestingly, most (60%) of mosquito females were collected only from 15 (17%) houses. In summary, we provide evidence of recent DENV-2 transmission in Quintana Roo State

Actualidad y prospectiva de la investigación científica en el Centro Universitario Amecameca de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Con responsabilidad, se organizó un programa cuya finalidad fuera publicitar con transparencia dichos avances, a través de un esfuerzo de rendición de cuentas a la comunidad inmediata, la universitaria, y a la comunidad abierta, la sociedad que la principal referencia para tal efecto. El programa se concretiza a través del presente libro, conformado con una inspiración de investigación multidisciplinaria; sin embargo, para llegar a tal fin, el reto es realizar el proceso de búsqueda y generación de conocimiento transitando hacia la colaboración de los cuerpos académicos, que puedan construir nuevos conocimientos fortalecidos por la convergencia de diferentes campos del saber. En consecuencia, la primera etapa de esta estrategia es la publicidad de los trabajos investigativos ejercidos, para hacer un balance al día, pero también proyectar el futuro de cada campo y área del conocimiento. La organización explicativa está organizada por tres bloques representativos del quehacer en la generación de conocimiento del Centro Universitario, un primer bloque centra el interés en las humanidades, educación y sustentabilidad; el segundo bloque lo integra la reflexión científica sobre la construcción democrática, derechos humanos y equidad de género; en el tercer segmento se destina a la seguridad alimentaria, salud pública y sistemas agropecuarios. La actualidad de la investigación eleva la producción lograda y lo que en el momento se encuentra en construcción y los alcances que produce para la docencia, la investigación misma, y para la sociedad en general. La prospectiva es un área que todos los capítulos desarrollan con el propósito de delinear los alcances innovadores por andar en teoría, metodología e incluso en los saberes mismo

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group