Consultoría Financiera para PYMES en Costa Rica.

Proyecto de graduación (Licenciatura en Administración de Empresas. Enfasis en Finanzas) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Administración de Empresas, 2012.El objetivo general de esta investigación es determinar si estos servicios de Consultoría Financiera satisfacen los requerimientos de capacitación y asesoría que tienen actualmente las PYMES en Costa Rica. Para recabar la información en este proyecto se utilizaron las técnicas de entrevista y cuestionario. Se realizó una entrevista a 12 Empresas Consultoras con el fin de conocer con amplitud el servicio que brinda la Consultoría Financiera a las PYMES de Costa Rica. Adicionalmente, se realizaron 111 cuestionarios a PYMES del Área Metropolitana para obtener información y lograr determinar las principales necesidades que poseen, evaluar el grado de aceptación con respecto a los servicios de las Consultorías Financieras y analizar los efectos de la Consultoría Financiera en las PYMES que han contratado estos servicios. Una vez procesada la información y realizado el análisis, la investigación revela que existe una buena percepción de las PYMES hacia la Consultoría Financiera y su conciencia de las ventajas que ésta podría ofrecerle. No obstante, la gran cantidad de PYMES que no ha contratado Consultoría Financiera, ven en su limitado presupuesto y el desconocimiento del servicio, dos grandes obstáculos para agregar ésta herramienta a su operativa

Sildenafil alters biogenic amines and increases oxidative damage in brain regions of insulin-hypoglycemic rats

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of sildenafil on dopamine, 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid (5-HIAA) and selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in the brain of hypoglycemic rats. The animals were treated intraperitoneally as follows: group 1 (control), saline solution; group 2, insulin (10 U per rat or 50 U kg–1); group 3, insulin + single dose of sildenafil (50 U kg–1 + 50 mg kg–1); group 4, insulin + three doses of sildenafil every 24 hours (50 U kg–1 + 50 mg kg–1). In groups 2, 3 and 4, insulin was administered every 24 hours for 10 days. Blood glucose was measured after the last treatment. On the last day of the treatment, the animals´ brains were extracted to measure the levels of oxidative stress markers [H2O2, Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation (TBARS)], dopamine and 5-HIAA in the cortex, striatum and cerebellum/medulla oblongata by validated methods. The results suggest that administration of insulin in combination with sildenafil induces hypoglycemia and hypotension, enhances oxidative damage and provokes changes in the brain metabolism of biogenic amines. Administration of insulin and sildenafil promotes biometabolic responses in glucose control, namely, it induces hypoglycemia and hypotension. It also enhances oxidative damage and provokes changes in the brain metabolism of biogenic amines

La ilustración contemporánea salvadoreña en la industria publicitaria 2000-2016

El presente trabajo de investigación estudia la ilustración contemporánea publicitaria, con el propósito de conocer los procesos de la ilustración y su utilización como complemento en la publicidad. Elcapítulo1, está constituido por el contexto histórico de la ilustración en El Salvador, concepto, sus inicios, procesos, técnicas que se utilizaron y las primeras muestras de la ilustración utilizada en la publicidad. El capítulo 2 está constituido por, la ilustración contemporánea y su uso dentro de la publicidad en el país (objeto de estudio) en la actualidad, junto a sus exponentes y medios de publicación. El capítulo 3 muestra el resultado de la investigación, de forma ilustrativa, donde se exponen losprincipales cambios gráficos, en cuanto a estilos, color y técnicas,que caracteriza la ilustración contemporánea dentro de la publicidad en los medios impreso

Cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban national immunization programme.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban National Immunization Program (NIP). METHODS: We compared PCV7-TT given at two, four and six months of age to a scenario without PCV7-TT, over a ten-year period (2020-2029). We calculated the cost (Cuban pesos - CUP) per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted from a Government perspective. We compared results from a static cohort model and a parsimonious prediction model informed by the serotype distribution among pneumococcal carriers and cases. We ran probabilistic and deterministic uncertainty analyses. RESULTS: PCV7-TT could prevent 6897 (95% uncertainty interval, 4344-8750) hospitalizations and 189 (115-253) deaths in children <5 years of age, over the period 2020-2029. This could cost around 25 million (20-31) discounted CUP but would be offset by treatment cost savings of around 23 million (14-31). A parsimonious model predicted less favourable impact and cost-effectiveness but the cost per DALY averted was still less than 0.4 times the current GDP per capita. CONCLUSIONS: PCV7-TT is likely to be cost-effective in Cuba. The impact of the vaccine would need to be carefully monitored following its introduction into the NIP

Evaluation of male fertility-associated loci in a european population of patients with severe spermatogenic impairment

Funding: This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Spanish State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation (ref. SAF2016-78722-R), the “Ramón y Cajal” program (ref. RYC-2014-16458), and the “Juan de la Cierva Incorporación” program (ref. IJC2018-038026-I), which include FEDER funds. SLa received support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants FIS-ISCIII DTS18/00101, co-funded by FEDER funds/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)-a way to build Europe-), and from Generalitat de Catalunya (grant 2017SGR191). AG-J was recipient of a grant from the “Plan Propio” program of the University of Granada (“Becas de Iniciación a la Investigación para estudiantes de Grado”, conv.2019). SLa is sponsored by the “Researchers Consolidation Program” from the SNS-Dpt. Salut Generalitat de Catalunya (Exp. CES09/020). JG was partially funded by FCT/MCTES, through national funds attributed to Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health—ToxOmics (UIDB/00009/2020). PIM is supported by the FCT post-doctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/120777/2016), financed from the Portuguese State Budget of the Ministry for Science, Technology and High Education and from the European Social Fund, available through the Programa Operacional do Capital Humano. AML is funded by the Portuguese Government through FCT (IF/01262/2014). IPATIMUP integrates the i3S Research Unit, which is partially supported by FCT in the framework of the project “Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences” (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274).Infertility is a growing concern in developed societies. Two extreme phenotypes of male infertility are non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and severe oligospermia (SO), which are characterized by severe spermatogenic failure (SpF). We designed a genetic association study comprising 725 Iberian infertile men as a consequence of SpF and 1058 unaffected controls to evaluate whether five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), previously associated with reduced fertility in Hutterites, are also involved in the genetic susceptibility to idiopathic SpF and specific clinical entities. A significant difference in the allele frequencies of USP8-rs7174015 was observed under the recessive model between the NOA group and both the control group (p = 0.0226, OR = 1.33) and the SO group (p = 0.0048, OR = 1.78). Other genetic associations for EPSTI1-rs12870438 and PSAT1-rs7867029 with SO and between TUSC1-rs10966811 and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) success in the context of NOA were observed. In silico analysis of functional annotations demonstrated cis-eQTL effects of such SNPs likely due to the modification of binding motif sites for relevant transcription factors of the spermatogenic process. The findings reported here shed light on the molecular mechanisms leading to severe phenotypes of idiopathic male infertility, and may help to better understand the contribution of the common genetic variation to the development of these conditions.publishersversionpublishe

Corrigendum to "Cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban national immunization programme" [Int. J. Infect. Dis. 97 (2020) 182-189].

The authors regret that the Methods section has error in the formula. Corrections follow. In the Modelling approach section… For a given week (w) of age, the number of disease events Dw was calculated as: [Figure presented] where: P × S × Aw is the number of disease events in week w of age; Vw is the effect of vaccination in week w of age; P is the number of person-years lived between birth and age 5.0 years in the birth cohort evaluated; S is the streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) disease event rate per 100,000 per year among children younger than 5 years before the introduction of vaccination; and Aw is the proportion of pneumococcal disease events in children younger than 5 years in week w of age. In the Pneumococcal disease burden inputs section… For each birth cohort, estimates of person-years lived between birth and age 5.0 years (P) were based on United Nations demographic projections (https://population.un.org/wpp/). We estimated disease event rates (S) separately for pneumococcal acute otitis media (AOM), non-severe pneumococcal pneumonia, severe pneumococcal pneumonia, pneumococcal meningitis and other non-pneumonia/non-meningitis pneumococcal disease (NPNM) (Table 1). The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused

Mecanismos de seguridad necesarios para implementar una aplicación transaccional en Internet

Peraza Jiménez, K. y Romero Deliyore, W. (1998). (Tesis de Licenciatura). Mecanismos de seguridad necesarios para implementar una aplicación transaccional en Internet. [Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]. Repositorio Académico Institucional.Se determina los mecanismos de seguridad necesarios para implementar una aplicación transaccional en Internet y diseñar un prototipo de aplicación que permita la consulta de préstamos a través de la red Internet, para que los clientes del Banco Nacional puedan realizar sus operaciones, desde cualquier parte del país.The necessary security mechanisms are determined to implement a transactional application on the Internet and design an application prototype that allows the consultation of loans through the Internet network, so that the clients of the National Bank can carry out their operations, from anywhere in the country.Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)Escuela de Informátic