Las Ilustraciones en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias : análisis de libros de texto

Este trabajo centra su atención en la importancia que poseen las ilustraciones que utilizan los libros de texto de ciencias para la comprensión de su contenido. Para ello se parte de una fundamentación teórica en cuanto a los requisitos que deberían cumplir aquéllas para favorecer su adecuado procesamiento, así como la diferente morfología que suelen presentar en los libros de texto. A continuación se aborda un proceso de diseño y validación de una taxonomía para la categorización de las ilustraciones, la cual fue aplicada a los temas de mecánica de una muestra representativa de siete libros de educación secundaria obligatoria y a tres previos. Tras este análisis se discuten los resultados y se extraen unas conclusiones tendentes a la mejora en el uso de las ilustraciones.This paper focuses on how important the illustrations in science textbooks can be for understanding their content. To that end we start from a theoretical base of the requirements that those illustrations should accomplish to favour their appropriate processing, as well as from the different morphology that they normally show in textbooks. Then we approach a process of design and validation of a taxonomy to categorize the illustrations that was applied to the subject of Mechanics on a representative sample of seven textbooks of Obligatory Secondary Education (ESO) and three books from a system previous to ESO. After this analysis we discuss the results and draw conclusions aimed at improving the use of illustrations

Aplicación del análisis secuencial al estudio del texto escrito e ilustraciones de los libros de física y química de la ESO

There is enough evidence for the significant weight that textbooks have nowdays in the science classroom, as a knowledge source of and as a means for teaching. In this paper a tool --sequential analysis-- to search the teaching sequence of textbooks and the role of illustrations in such a sequence is described and applied. For that purpose a sample of Secondary level Physics and Chemistry textbooks was selected. The results lead to make clear the didactic profile of revised textbooks and their grouping in two classes, one connected with a more traditional conception on teaching-learning of Science and another connected with a more modern conception in relation with the Spanish Educational Reform

Conformational landscape of small ligands: a multilevel strategy to determine the conformational penalty of bioactive ligands

Determining the conformational penalty required for adopting the bioactive conformation is still a challenging question in drug design, because a small uncertainty in this free energy component can lead to significant errors in the predicted activities. Herein, we use the Multilevel strategy, a methodology recently developed by our group, to explore the conformational preferences of ligands in solution, and to estimate the conformational cost of selecting the bioactive conformation

Multi-Objective Optimization of Drainage Networks for Flood Control in Urban Area Due to Climate Change

[EN] The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations mentions that extreme rainfalls might increase their intensity and frequency in most mid-latitude locations and tropical regions by the end of this century, as a consequence of the rise of the average global surface temperature. Human action has given way to global warming which manifests with an increase in extreme rainfall. If these climatic conditions are added to the waterproofing that cities have been experiencing as a result of urban development, a scenario of growing concern for the managers of drainage systems is generated. The objective of drainage networks is preventing the accumulation of rainwater on the surface. Under the new conditions of climate change, these need to be modified and adapted to provide cities with the security they demand. The following article describes a method for flood control by using a rehabilitation model that connects the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5 model with a genetic algorithm to find the best solutions to the flood problem. The final analysis is performed using the Pareto efficiency criteria. The innovation of this method is the inclusion of a local head loss in the drainage network, allowing the upstream flow to be retained by decreasing the downstream concentration time. These elements called hydraulic controls improve system performance and are installed in the initial part of some pipes coming out of storm tanks. As a case study, the developed method has been applied in a section of the drainage network of the city of Bogotá.Bayas-Jiménez, L.; Iglesias Rey, PL.; Martínez-Solano, FJ. (2019). Multi-Objective Optimization of Drainage Networks for Flood Control in Urban Area Due to Climate Change. Proceedings. 48(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECWS-4-06451S1948

Mapping the Mechanical Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Banded Spherulites by Nanoindentation

Nanoindentation provides clear evidence that spherulite banding can be associated with a continuous modulation of mechanical properties from the more compliant peaks to the stiffer valleys. The structural arrangement in polymer-banded spherulites has intrigued scientists for many decades, and the debate has been recently intensified with the advent of new experimental evidence. The present paper approaches this issue by exploring the local mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-ringed spherulites via nanoindentation and discussing the confidence of the results. It was found that storage modulus and hardness across the banding morphology can be described as a sequence of regular oscillations with a periodicity that exactly matches the one observed using optical and atomic force microscopy. Results are consistent with the model of regular twisting of the lamellae, with flat-on arrangement in the low regions and edge-on lamellae in the crests.The authors wish to thank the MINECO (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad), Spain, for funding the research reported under grants MAT2013-47898-C2-1-R (covering the costs to publish in open access) and MAT2012-36341. Patricia Enrique-Jimenez acknowledges MINECO for a FPI (Formación Personal Investigador) studentship. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)

Evaluación de mamíferos medianos y grandes mediante trampas cámara en un bosque montano del norte del Perú

Camera traps are a powerful tool for inventorying elusive and rare species and very useful to obtain ecologi- cal data for plans that involve wildlife conservation. In Peru, several surveys have been carried out in lowland Amazonia especially in the southeastern part of the country, but none in montane cloud forests or Yungas. We present the first camera trap studies produced in Peruvian Yungas at the locality of Querocoto village (Chota, Cajamarca), based on 2002 (dry season) and 1264 (wet season) camera traps-days (CTD). Two localities were surveyed in wet and dry season: The Pagaibamba Protection Forest and the San Lorenzo Forest. The wet season study was carried out in October and November, and the dry season in July to September of 2008. Eight mammalian species were recorded in both seasons. Some 66 (91.7%) independent records were obtained in the dry season, but only six (8.3%) in the wet one, suggesting a seasonality effect. The Mountain Paca Cunicu- lus taczanowskii was the most commonly photographed species, with 17.0 and 1.6 capture frequencies (dry and wet season respectively), whereas the Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata (0.5 capture frequency in the dry season) was the most rare species. Activity patterns suggest that Mountain Paca C. taczanowskii and the Andean Skunk C. chinga are nocturnal, while Spectacled Bear T. ornatus and Tayra E. barbara are diurnal in the study area. Our records of the Ocelot Leopardus pardalis and the Tayra E. barbara are among the highest altitudinal records known for each species. In addition, the Anta Tapirus pinchaque was also identified by its tracks, representing one of the first record known south of the Huancabamba Depression.Las trampas cámara son una herramienta muy poderosa en el registro de mamíferos raros y elusivos; muy útiles en la obtención de datos ecológicos necesarios para formular planes que involucren la conservación de la fauna. Estos estudios principalmente se han realizado en la Amazonía del Perú especialmente en la parte sur oriental; pero muy pocos en los bosques montanos o yungas. Nosotros presentamos uno de los primeros estudios en las yungas peruanas realizado con trampas cámaras; se llevó a cabo en la localidad de Querocoto (Chota, Cajamarca) con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 2002 (estación seca) y 1264 (estación húmeda) trampas cámara-día (TCD). Dos lugares fueron evaluados en las estaciones húmeda y seca: el bosque de protección de Pagaibamba y el bosque de San Lorenzo. El estudio durante la época húmeda fue llevado a cabo entre octubre y setiembre, mientras la evaluación en época seca fue entre julio y setiembre de 2008. En total se registraron ocho especies de mamíferos. En la época seca se obtuvo 66 (91,7%) de los eventos independientes mientras en la época húmeda solamente seis eventos (8,3%) sugiriendo un efecto por estacionalidad. La Paca de Montaña (Cuniculus taczanowskii) fue el mamífero más fotografiado con frecuencias de captura de 17,0 y 1,6 para época seca y húmeda respectivamente mientras que Mustela frenata con 0,5 fue la especie más rara registrada solo en la época seca. Los patrones de actividad sugieren que la Paca de Montaña, C. taczanowskii y el Zorrillo Andino, Conepatus chinga son nocturnos, mientras que el Oso de Anteojos, Tremarctos ornatus y la Tayra Eira barbara son diurnos en el área de evaluación. Nuestros registros del Ocelote Leopardus pardalis y la Tayra E. barbara están entre los registros altitudinales más altos conocidos para ambas especies. En adición el Anta Tapirus pinchaque fue identificado por medio de sus huellas y representa su primer registro al sur de la depresión de Huancabamba