Revisión histórica de la formación inicial de los maestros en España

Este artículo pretende ofrecer un recorrido por la historia de la educación centrado en el proceso que ha ido siguiendo la formación inicial de los maestros en nuestro contexto nacional hasta la promulgación de la Ley General de Educación de 1970. Los antecedentes iniciales hasta el año 1839, momento en el que nace la primera Escuela Normal Central, ponen de manifiesto la dificultad educativa de los siglos precedentes al XIX. El desarrollo durante los siglos siguientes tampoco fue sencillo pero los avances fueron más sistemáticos. Así, se produjeron propuestas cada vez más complejas en periodos muy diversos como lo fueron la Restauración, la Guerra Civil o los últimos años de la dictadura. Es un artículo que quiere llamar a la reflexión personal con optimismo y con la intención de animar a su lector a ser parte implicada de la mejora de la educación centrada en la formación inicial de nuestros maestros.This paper offers a tour through the history of education focused on the development of initial teacher training in our national context until the enactment of the General Education Law of 1970. Previous data until 1839, birth of the first Central Normal School, highlight the educational difficulties dealt with before the nineteenth century. Subsequent development was not easy but the advances were more systematic. Thus, there were increasingly complex proposals in many different periods like Restoration, the Civil War or the later years of the dictatorship. This article pretends to promote an optimistic personal reflection and encourage the reader to get involved in the improvement of education focused on initial teacher training in Spain

Calculation of the Risk of Lawsuits over Construction Flaws in Flat Roofs

In order to achieve sustainability objectives in the use of a building, its elements’ operating problems should be minimized. From this premise, a total of 497 cases related to construction flaws in flat roofs were analyzed in this research. A matrix was developed indicating the risk of lawsuits by owners according to the degree of nuisance resulting from the construction flaws studied, their technical importance, and the type of pathological origin. Based on these factors, it is possible to predict a greater or lesser probability of an owner filing a lawsuit—risk factor (F). A wide range was found for this probability, with the largest value being 865 times greater than the smallest value. The value of F was divided into 5 categories to classify the diverse results obtained and determine the number of cases and interrelations ascribed to each category. Additionally, the level of presence of said cases was calculated through the analysis of 3 di erent demographic aspects, it being noted that a greater purchasing power and a higher concentration of urban population lead to more stringent requirements and, subsequently, to a greater number of lawsuits. With all these results, building quality can be improved while resulting in greater constructive-financial sustainability and in a reduction of the economic resources required of society (fewer lawsuits and associated human resources)

Multilingual manager: a new strategic role in organizations

Today?s knowledge management (KM) systems seldom account for language management and, especially, multilingual information processing. Document management is one of the strongest components of KM systems. If these systems do not include a multilingual knowledge management policy, intranet searches, excessive document space occupancy and redundant information slow down what are the most effective processes in a single language environment. In this paper, we model information flow from the sources of knowledge to the persons/systems searching for specific information. Within this framework, we focus on the importance of multilingual information processing, which is a hugely complex component of modern organizations

Conceptions of OECD and European Union for teacher professional development

Desde que a mediados del siglo pasado creciera la existencia de Organismos Internacionales (OI), su presencia e influencia en las políticas nacionales resulta cada vez significativa. Más en concreto, en el ámbito educativo, a partir de los años 90, su impacto se ha visto claramente incrementado y desde el inicio del presente siglo, los discursos de los OI se han visto especialmente orientados hacia el profesorado y su Desarrollo Profesional Docente (DPD). Así, el presente artículo tiene por finalidad analizar el papel que las OI tienen en la definición del DPD a través de las concepciones e implicaciones que se derivan de sus publicaciones. Para ello, el análisis parte de la construcción de un instrumento de ocho categorías cualitativas para ser aplicadas siguiendo una lógica deductiva-inductiva en un proceso de análisis del discurso. Se han analizado 20 documentos cuyos autores son la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico –OCDE– (9) y la Unión Europea –UE– (11), que corresponden a todos los textos relacionados con el DPD que han producido en la última década, desde el año 2005. Los resultados muestran, entre otras cuestiones, que los elementos del DPD se tienden a abordar de forma aislada y con poca implicación de los propios docentes como agentes activos en la definición de su profesión; así como algunos matices entre los OI estudiadas. En conclusión, hay ciertas conceptualizaciones que no ayudan a fortalecer el DPD y a instalar una definición de la profesión más global y flexibleSince the growth and expansion during the last century of International Organizations, their presence and influence on national policies became even more significant. Specifically, on the educational area, the impact of those organizations became more significant from the 90s, and more recently (at the beginning of this century), those discourses particularly focused on teachers and Teachers Professional Development (TPD). Thus, the present paper, pursues analyze of International Organizations’ role on TPD definition, through conceptions and implications resulting from their publications. Therefore, analyze comes from the construction of an instrument with eight qualitative categories, applied with a deductive-inductive logic, for the discourse analyze methodology, method that allows us to focus the attention on the underlying aspects. Thus, twenty documents related to TPD during the last decade (from 2005), and whose authors were the OECD (9) and the European Union (11), were analyzed. The results show, among different ideas, that the elements of the TPD tend to be addressed in an isolated way and with a slight implication of the teachers as active participants on the definition of their profession; the results present small differences among the International Organizations studied. As a conclusion, there are some conceptualizations that does not strengthen the TPD, neither to install a more global and flexible concep

Exploration of ceramic clays in the countryside of Córdoba (Spain)

El presente trabajo trata de la exploración de arcillas con baja proporción de calcita, en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba, para suministrar materias primas a la fabricación de bloques y productos cerámicos. Para la caracterización del subsuelo se han planificado tres zonas de trabajo de 4 km² cada una, en las que se han aplicado métodos geofísicos basados en perfiles de Tomografía Eléctrica y Sondeos Eléctricos Verticales (SEV). En muestras de cada zona se han realizado análisis mineralógicos de difracción de rayos-X (DRX), análisis químico por energías dispersivas de rayos-X (EDAX), ensayos de plasticidad, corte directo, compactación, hinchamiento y capacidad portante, molienda, secado y cocción. Se ha conseguido descubrir, en estas zonas, las áreas de interés para la explotación de materias primas, y con los resultados de esta prospección pueden estudiarse nuevos yacimientos de arcilla cerámica.This paper deals with some aspects of the mining prospection of clays in the South of Córdoba (Spain). That studied clays are used as raw materials in a processing plant of ceramic products. In this ground characterisation for future mining operations, low proportion of carbonated materials was searched. To carry out the study, three seek areas were defined, each one of them of about 4 Km2, where two geophysical methods were applied (Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Vertical Electrical Sounding). X-ray diffraction, EDAX, direct cut, compaction, swelling and bearing capacity tests, among others, were carried out in samples picked up in each seek area. Using the information provided by all these tests the most interesting areas for the exploitation defined. These studies resulted in the selection of new interesting deposits for the clay industry

Assessment of the Master Program for Secondary Teachers: case study in two universities

Entre sus principales modificaciones, la Ley Orgánica de Educación de 2006 dispone un cambio del modelo de formación inicial del profesorado de Educación Secundaria. Así, se propone sustituir el Curso de Aptitud Pedagógica (CAP) por una nueva titulación, ahora de nivel de posgrado. Con esta medida se pone fin a un modelo de formación vigente durante casi 40 años. Esto ya se había planteado con anterioridad, en 1990 y 2002, con la LOGSE y la LOCE, respectivamente, pero no se llegó a implementar. El cambio histórico que ha supuesto la implantación del Máster de Formación de Profesorado de Educación Secundaria requiere un seguimiento adecuado y orientado a su progresiva mejora. Este artículo presenta la evaluación de la puesta en marcha del máster en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) y en la Universidad Pontificia Comillas (UPC). Para ello, se ha optado por un enfoque metodológico basado en el estudio de casos. La comprensión de la realidad de cada universidad ha supuesto utilizar una convergencia de técnicas de recogida de datos: análisis documental, entrevistas a los informantes clave de las universidades y cuestionarios de satisfacción a los principales implicados y destinatarios (estudiantes, profesores y tutores profesionales). La evaluación se ha realizado durante los dos primeros años de implantación, lo que ha permitido una perspectiva longitudinal que ilustra las tendencias de los cambios. Más en concreto se han evaluado los siguientes elementos de la implantación: la gestión del máster, el peso de lo teórico y lo práctico, el sentido del Practicum y el trabajo fin de máster (TFM), la adquisición de la identidad docente y de las competencias profesionales. Los resultados permiten identificar las principales fortalezas y dificultades en la implantación del máster recogidas y analizadas en el apartado final del artículo destinado a la discusión.One of the main changes made by the Ley Orgánica de Educación of 2006 is the institution of a new pre-service training model for secondary school teachers. The proposal calls for the Teaching Aptitude Course (CAP) programme to be replaced by a post-graduate degree. This measure puts an end to a training model that has been in force for almost forty years. Changes of this sort have been proposed in the past (in 1990 and 2002, with the LOGSE and LOCE education reform acts, respectively), but they have never actually been implemented. The implementation of the master’s degree in secondary school teacher education is a historic change, and it requires adequate monitoring oriented toward ongoing improvement. This paper presents an assessment of the implementation of the master’s degree at the Autonomous University of Madrid and Comillas Pontifical University. A methodology based on the case study method was chosen. To paint a true picture of the programme at each university, various data collection methods were used, including document analysis, interviews with key informants at the universities in question and satisfaction surveys of the main players and target audiences (students, teachers and mentors in the working world). The assessment took place in the first two years of the programme, thus affording a longitudinal perspective that illustrates the trends of the changes. The items evaluated were the management of the master’s degree programme, the balance of theoretical and practical work, the meaning behind the practicum work and the final project, professional identity acquisition and professional competence acquisition. The results make it possible to identify the main strengths and difficulties in the introduction of the master’s degree programme; these points are listed and analyzed in the discussion at the end of the article.Los autores agradecen la financiación recibida por FAPESP y el MEC (PBH2006-0014-PC) para la realización de las investigaciones origen de este trabajo

Evaluation of the police operational tactical procedures for reducing officer injuries resulting from physical interventions in problematic arrests. The case of the Municipal Police of Cádiz (Spain)

Objectives: This paper describes some operational tactical procedures (OTP) and discusses the results of a 14-year-long study, spanning the period 2003-2016, conducted by the Municipal Police of Cadiz, Spain, which comprised 3 time periods: 2003-2006, when the officers were trained in traditional policing procedures; 2007-2013, when the officers were taught an innovative set of OTP in the form of a basic set of self-defense and arrest mechanisms, different from the traditional policing procedures that rely on martial arts and combat sports; and finally 2014-2016, when the OTP training was discontinued. The aim of this study was to improve policing and reduce officer injuries resulting from interventions in controversial or violent situations, such as problematic arrests. Material and Methods: The study involved 162 police officers and commanders of the Municipal Police of Cadiz, who were in street duty for their first time. There were 8 females and 154 males aged 24-55 years. Three OTP stages are shown as examples. Results: Based on the analysis of "training hours" and "physical interventions in problematic arrests," the results were: 1) the number of sick leaves in the police was identical according to the number of arrests, and 2) data on sick leaves show remarkable differences among the 3 periods under analysis. Conclusions: The OTP-based training substantially reduced officer sick leaves. The overall reduction in sick leaves in the period 2007-2013 was observed that cannot be ascribed to a decrease in criminal acts, and hence in police physical interventions

Evaluación económica sectorial de la inversión en la red viaria de gran capacidad : la evidencia de los efectos desbordamiento

La red viaria de gran capacidad constituye un instrumento fundamental de vertebración territorial que genera importantes efectos económicos. Son escasos, sin embargo, los trabajos dedicados a su análisis, principalmente por la falta de series de este tipo de capital con cobertura temporal y geográfica suficiente. En este documento se ha utilizado una estimación de este componente del capital público productivo, realizada por las autoras para las regiones españolas, desde el año 1970 hasta el 1998, para evaluar el impacto económico sectorial de esta infraestructura. Los resultados muestran el positivo y significativo impacto de este equipamiento en el sector privado de la economía, siendo las actividades agrarias y las industriales las que se han bene ficiado del desarrollo de esta infraestructura en España