856 research outputs found

    Mother-young interactions and suckling behaviour in Blue Monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis

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    The infant's first months are of vital importance for establishing relations with the mother as well as with other group members. It is also a period of learning. As a part of a larger study of the blue monkey, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni, my study focuses on interactions between mother and offspring and suckling behaviour. The study site was located in the forest of Kichwa Tembo Tented Camp which is a tourist lodge outside the Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. Data collection took place in July 2006 in collaboration with two other Swedish students and with the help of Maasai field assistants. The monkeys were observed on foot between 8:00 and 18:00 with a total observation time of 330 hours evenly spread between the ten observation hours. We could not recognize the animals individually but estimated the number of focal animals as eight mothers with offspring. While suckling behaviour was recorded continuously with regard to time and duration, general behaviour, playing and grooming was recorded each minute. My results show that the mothers had feeding peaks in the early mornings, at midday and in late afternoon. This was in contrast to the offspring's feeding rhythm whose suckling meals took place mainly in the late morning and early afternoon. The time the offspring spent foraging solid food was close to zero. The offspring spent a third of their time carried by the mother and a quarter of their time playing. Most of the playing was lone play; social play with other group members did occur but was not as common. The offspring were dependent of the mothers however very active in exploring the environment which shows both in amount of time playing and moving. The individuals in the group spent about 10 % of their daylight hours grooming each other. In general these results coincide with those of others studying guenons. I suggest though that some of the behavioural differences of the group may be due to the focal animals being lactating. Furthermore I believe that the habitat they live in, i.e. close to humans and somewhat more protected, is reflected in their behaviour. This corresponds with the low levels of antagonism observed.De första mÄnaderna i en unges liv Àr mycket viktiga för att skapa en relation till sin moder och till andra gruppmedlemmar. Det Àr ocksÄ en period som bestÄr av lÀrande. Som en del av en större studie av den blÄ markattan, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni, fokuserar min studie pÄ samspelet mellan moder och unge samt ungens dibeteende. Studien Àgde rum i den skog som omger turistlodgen Kichwa Tembo Tented Camp i utkanten av Masai Mara National Reserve i Kenya. Datainsamlingen genomfördes under fem veckor i juni och juli 2006 tillsammans med tvÄ svenska studenter och med hjÀlp av fÀltassisterande massajer. Aporna observerades 8.00-18.00. Observationsperioden gav totalt 330 timmar jÀmt fördelade mellan de tio observationstimmarna. Vi kunde inte identifiera individerna i gruppen men den uppskattades bestÄ av Ätta mödrar med varsin unge. Dibeteendet registrerades kontinuerligt med information om klockslag och varaktighet. Det allmÀnna beteendet, lek och ansning noterades varje minut. Mina resultat visar att mödrarna hade födosökstoppar tidigt pÄ morgonen, vid lunch och under sen eftermiddag. Detta stod i kontrast till ungens födosöksrytm dÀr digivningarna frÀmst Àgde rum sent pÄ morgonen och under tidig eftermiddag. Ungen letade och Ät fast föda i obetydlig grad. Modern bar ungen en tredjedel av observationstiden och ungen lekte under en fjÀrdedel av tiden. Majoriteten av lektiden var ensamlek; sociala lekar med andra gruppmedlemmar var inte lika vanligt. Ungarna var beroende av mödrarna men ÀndÄ mycket aktiva i att utforska omgivningen. Gruppmedlemmarna ansade varandra cirka 10 % av dagen. Detta resultat överensstÀmmer i det stora hela med andra studier av markattor. Emellertid tror jag att vissa av de beteendeskillnader som syns i resultatet i denna grupp av markattor beror pÄ att flera av dem var lakterande. Dessutom tror jag att denna grupps habitat, d.v.s. med nÀrheten till mÀnniskor och med ökat skydd frÄn predatorer, pÄverkar deras beteende. Detta överensstÀmmer med den lÄga nivÄn av antagonism som observerades

    Cytokine response to lipoprotein lipid loading in human monocyte-derived macrophages

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    BACKGROUND: Macrophage foam cell formation is a prominent feature of human atherosclerotic plaques, usually considered to be correlated to uptake of and inflammatory response to oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL). However, there are alternative pathways for formation of macrophage foam cells and the effect of such lipid loading on macrophage function remains to be fully characterized. In the present study we investigated basal and inducible cytokine expression in primary human macrophages either loaded with triglycerides through incubation with very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or with cholesterol through incubation with aggregated LDL (AgLDL). We then analyzed how foam cell lipid content affected secretion of three pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1ÎČ (IL-1ÎČ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and of one chemokine: interleukin-8 (IL-8), all of which are considered pro-inflammatory, pro-atherosclerotic, and are expressed by cells in atherosclerotic tissue. RESULTS: Formation of triglyceride-loaded foam cells resulted in a four-fold increase in basal IL-1ÎČ secretion, whereas cholesterol loading lacked significant effect on IL-1ÎČ secretion. In contrast, secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 decreased significantly following both cholesterol and triglyceride loading, with a similar trend for secretion of IL-8. Lipid loading did not affect cell viability or expression of caspase-3, and did not significantly affect macrophage ability to respond to stimulation with exogenous TNF-α. CONCLUSION: Lipid loading of primary human macrophages resulted in altered cytokine secretion from cells, where effects were similar regardless of neutral lipid composition of cells. The exception was IL-1ÎČ, where triglyceride, but not cholesterol, lipid loading resulted in a stimulation of basal secretion of the cytokine. It is apparent that macrophage cytokine secretion is affected by lipid loading by lipoproteins other than OxLDL. As both VLDL and AgLDL have been found in the vessel wall, macrophage cytokine response to uptake of these lipoproteins may have a direct effect on atherosclerotic development in vivo. However, macrophage neutral lipid amount and composition did not affect cellular activation by exogenous TNF-α, making it likely that lipoprotein lipid loading can affect foam cell cytokine secretion during basal conditions but that the effects can be overruled by TNF-α during acute inflammation

    Stabilitet och förĂ€ndring i norra VĂ€rmland – dialekten i TorsbyomrĂ„det 1940-tal och 2010-tal

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    Biogallring

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    I Sverige har sedan mitten av 1990-talet antalet bestĂ„nd dĂ€r röjning inte utförts ökat. Dessa bestĂ„nd Ă€r Ă„ldersmĂ€ssigt mogna för en första gallring men pga. utebliven röjning Ă€r de mycket stamtĂ€ta och dimensionerna Ă€r klena vilket gör att valet av skötselĂ„tgĂ€rd inte Ă€r sjĂ€lvklart. De senaste Ă„ren har intresset för uttag av biomassa Ă€ven i unga skogar ökat. Under vĂ„ren/sommaren 2009 startade Stora Enso Skog (SES) ett fullskaleprojekt dĂ€r syftet var att testa en gallringsmetod med flertrĂ€dshanterande skördaraggregat och uttag av (förutom rundvirke) ett bioenergisortiment (trĂ€ddelar/okvistade toppar) i eftersatta röjningar och tidiga gallringar. För att minska nĂ€ringsförlusten i och med ökat uttag skulle stor del av den gröna biomassan lĂ€mnas kvar i skogen. En jĂ€mförelse mellan traditionell gallring och den nyutvecklade biogallringen skulle göras med avseende pĂ„ produktivitet och lönsamhet. MĂ„let med SES:s projekt var att ta fram ett underlag som visar ev. potential för ökad lönsamhet vid skötsel av ung*) skog tack vare mer anpassad gallringsteknik och ökad efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ biobrĂ€nsle. Detta examensarbete ingĂ„r i SES:s projekt och omfattar tre delar, en kostnadsjĂ€mförelse mellan konventionell gallring och biogallring, en analys av uttagen mĂ€ngd biomassa frĂ„n skogen samt att ta fram en enkel lathund för vilka typer av bestĂ„nd som biogallring kan vara lĂ€mplig. Åtta gallringsmaskiner ingick i studien och jĂ€mförelsematerial hĂ€mtades frĂ„n SES:s egna register med gallringshistorik frĂ„n Ă„ren 2007-2008. Det nya biomassasortimentet skulle innehĂ„lla trĂ€ddelar med grövre kvistar och sĂ„ lite barr som möjligt. I studien ingick 26 trakter/bestĂ„nd. I fem bestĂ„nd berĂ€knades biomassan före och efter biogallring noggrannare för att kunna berĂ€kna hur stor del av bestĂ„ndens biomassa som lĂ€mnades kvar i skogen. Vid lönsamhetsjĂ€mförelsen anvĂ€ndes de faktiska kostnaderna och intĂ€kterna för biogallring och för den simulerade gallringen konstruerades jĂ€mförelsebestĂ„nd, skotar- respektive skördarkostnaden sattes till 550 och 750 kr/G 15-timme, genomsnittliga intĂ€kten för dessa typer av bestĂ„nd berĂ€knades med erfarenhetstal till 250 kr/m3fub. Prestationen (m3fub/G15) var i de biogallrade bestĂ„nden gallrade med stickvĂ€gsarbetande maskin nĂ„got bĂ€ttre jĂ€mfört med normalgallring, för uttagen medelstam upp till 0,06 m3fub . För medelstammar mellan 0,03 – 0,05 var prestationen mellan 5 – 10 m3fub/G15 i biogallrade bestĂ„nd medan för samma bestĂ„nd som normalgallrats var prestationen under 5 m3fub/G15. Biogallring med bestĂ„ndsgĂ„ende maskiner var generellt sĂ€mre Ă€n bĂ„de normalgallring och biogallring med stickvĂ€gsarbetande maskin. Skördarkostnaden för biogallring varierade mellan 65 – 282 kr/m3fub för stickvĂ€gsarbetande och 125 – 228 kr/m3fub för bestĂ„ndsgĂ„ende maskin. Kostnaden för skotning visade inte pĂ„ lika stor variation kopplad till medelstam men viss tendens till högre kostnad för lĂ€gre medelstam kunde urskiljas. Vid intervjuer med maskinförare framkom att skotningen försvĂ„rades av att det nya sortimentet innehöll mycket luft vilket medförde att skotningen tog lĂ€ngre tid. Netto/ha varierade mellan bestĂ„nden och mellan maskintyp, för stickvĂ€gsarbetande maskin gav biogallring högre netto upp till 0,07 m3fub medelstam jĂ€mfört med simulerad normalgallring i samma bestĂ„nd. BestĂ„nden som gallrats med bestĂ„ndsarbetande maskin visade pĂ„ större variation, för uttagen medelstam 0,06 m3fub gav biogallringen ett netto pĂ„ mellan -2213 kr och 829 kr. Enligt biomassaberĂ€kning med Ulvcronas biomassafunktioner lĂ€mnades en stor andel (34 – 66 %) av de utgallrade trĂ€dens biomassa kvar i skogen, dvs. nĂ€ringsförlusten vid denna typ av gallring med extra uttag av biobrĂ€nsle torde vara marginell jĂ€mfört med om hela trĂ€den tagits ut. Biogallring med uttag av ett bioenergisortiment som komplement till rundvirkessortimenten verkar, med anvĂ€nd gallringsteknik, vara mest lĂ€mplig i bestĂ„nd med uttagen medelstam upp till 0,06 m3fub och minst 2000 stammar/ha.From the mid 1990s the number of forest stands in Sweden where no pre-commercial thinning has been done have increased. Many of those stands are now dense enough for thinning but the high number of trees per ha and the small tree dimensions has made it difficult to choose between pre-commercial thinning and thinning. In recent years the interest of harvesting biomass as bioenergy from young forests has increased. During spring/summer 2009 Stora Enso Skog (SES) therefore tested a new method of thinning with harvesters that could handle more than one stem at once, together with a new assortment of bioenergy (tree parts) in stands where a late pre-commercial thinning or an early thinning was the next conventional measure. To minimize the nutrition loss with the increased removal of biomass a large part of the green biomass should be left in the stand. The overall objective in this project was to compare conventional thinning with bioenergy thinning, with the focus on productivity and profitability. This thesis is a part of SES’s project and divided into three parts, a cost comparison between conventional thinning and bioenergy thinning, an analysis of biomass remaining in the stand and a description of stand characteristics where bioenergy thinning could be suitable. Eight bioenergy harvesting teams were analysed in this study and compared to registered SES thinnings from 2007-2008. The new bioenergy assortment should contain tree parts with larger branches and minimized green biomass. There were 26 stands in this study. In five of them the total amount of biomass was calculated before and after the thinning to assess the amount left in the forest. In the comparison of profitability the actual cost and income from the bioenergy thinnings were used and for the simulated conventional thinning a comparison stand was constructed. The harvesting productivity (m3fub/G15; m3fub is m3 on bark) in bioenergy thinned stands thinned with a strip road working machine were slightly better where the average thinned stem were smaller than 0.06 m3fub compared to conventional thinning. For average stem volumes between 0.03-0.05 m3fub the productivity was between 5-10 m3fub/G15 in bioenergy thinned stand and in the same stand with conventional thinning the productivity was under 5 m3fub/G15. Stand operated bioenergy thinning machines (working in passages intermediate to strip roads) had lower productivity and profitability than both of the other thinning types. Harvester costs for bioenergy thinning varied between 65-282 SEK/m3fub for strip road working machines and between 125-228 SEK/m3fub for stand operated machines. The forwarding cost did not show a great variation with respect to the stem volume but a trend could be seen that forwarding costs increased with for decreasing stem volume. The net income/ha varied between the different stands and machine type, for strip road working machines the bioenergy thinning gave a higher net income up to 0.07 m3fub average stem volume compared to the simulated conventional thinning. Stands thinned with stand operated machines showed a greater variation, for an average thinned stem volume of 0.06 m3fub the net income for bioenergy thinning varied between -2213 and 829 SEK. Between 22-64% of the biomass was left in the stand after bioenergy thinning which indicates that the loss of nutrients and the effects on growth of remaining trees should be marginal. This new thinning method with an extra bioenergy assortment seemed to be most suitable in stands with an average stem volume of up to 0.06 m3fub and with more than 2000 trees ha-1

    Interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha impede neutral lipid turnover in macrophage-derived foam cells

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines can affect intracellular lipid metabolism. A variety of effects have been described for different cell types; hepatocyte lipid turnover pathways are inhibited during inflammation, whereas interleukin-1ÎČ (IL-1ÎČ) reduces intracellular cholesterol levels in fibroblasts. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ÎČ and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are up-regulated at sites of formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Plaque formation is though to begin with infiltration of monocytes to the intimal layer of the vascular wall, followed by differentiation to macrophages and macrophage uptake of modified lipoproteins, resulting in accumulation of intracellular lipids. The lipid-filled cells are referred to as macrophage foam cells, a key feature of atherosclerotic plaques. We have investigated the effects of IL-1ÎČ and TNF-α on macrophage foam cells in order to assess whether presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokines improves or aggravates macrophage foam cell formation by affecting lipid accumulation and lipid turn-over in the cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Differentiated primary human macrophages or THP-1 cells were lipid loaded by uptake of aggregated low density lipoproteins (AgLDL) or very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and then incubated with IL-1ÎČ (0 – 5000 pg/ml) in lipoprotein-free media for 24 h. Cells incubated in absence of cytokine utilized accumulated neutral lipids, in particular triglycerides. Addition of exogenous IL-1ÎČ resulted in a dose-dependent retention of intracellular cholesterol and triglycerides. Exchanging IL-1ÎČ with TNF-α gave a similar response. Analysis of fatty acid efflux and intracellular fatty acid activation revealed a pattern of decreased lipid utilization in cytokine-stimulated cells.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>IL-1ÎČ and TNF-α enhance macrophage foam cell formation, in part by inhibition of macrophage intracellular lipid catabolism. If present <it>in vivo</it>, these mechanisms will further augment the pro-atherogenic properties of the two cytokines.</p

    Interpersonal relationships in medical consultations : Comparing Sweden Swedish and Finland Swedish address practices

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    This article investigates how interpersonal relationships are expressed in medical consultations. In particular, we focus on how modes of address are used in the two national varieties of Swedish: Sweden Swedish and Finland Swedish, with the aim to compare the pragmatic routines in the two varieties. Thus the study contributes to the field of variational pragmatics, where national varieties of pluricentric languages are recognised as important research objects. Address practices are analysed in two comparable corpora of video recordings from Sweden and Finland using both a quantitative and a qualitative CA-inspired method. There are several differences between the data sets: the Sweden-Swedish data are characterised by exclusive use of the informal T pronoun (du ‘you’) and an overall higher frequency of direct address compared to the Finland-Swedish data. In some medical consultations in the latter Finland-Swedish data the formal V pronoun (ni) is used. The qualitative analysis confirms these differences and the tendency is that the Sweden-Swedish medical consultations are more informal than the Finland-Swedish ones, which are characterised by more formality and maintenance of social distance between the interlocutors. The different pragmatic orientations at the micro level of communication can also be related to socio-cultural preferences at the macro level in society – the development towards greater informality and intimate language is more pronounced in Sweden than in Finland.Peer reviewe

    Intersubjectivity at the counter : Artefacts and multimodal interaction in theatre box office encounters

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    The pesent study investigates the interplay between language, materia land embodied resources in one specific type of service encounters: interactions at theatre box offices. The data consist of video recorded interactions in Swedish at three box offices, two in Sweden and onei n Finland. Cases representative of the interactions are selected for a multimodal micro-analysis of the customer -- seller interactions involving artefacts from the institutional and personal domain. The study specifically aims at advancing our understanding of the role of artefacts for structuring and facilitating communicative events in (institutional) interaction. In this way, it contributes to the growing research interest in the interactional importance of the material world. Our results show that mutual interactional focus is reached through mutual gaze in strategic moments, such as formulation of the reason for the visit. Artefacts are central in enhancing intersubjectivity and mutual focus in that they effectively invite the participants for negotiation, for example, about a seatingplan which can be made visually accessible in different ways. Verbal language can be sparse and deictic in these moments while gaze and pointing to an artefact does more specific referential work. Artefacts are also a resource for signalling interactional inaccessibility, the seller orienting to the computer in order to progress a request and the customer orienting to a personal belonging (like a bag) to mirror and accept such a temporary non-accessibility. We also observe that speech can be paced to match the deployment of an artefact so that a focal verbal item is produced without competing, simultaneous physical activity.Peer reviewe

    ÅtgĂ€rder och metoder för att minska smĂ€rta och stickrĂ€dsla hos barn

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    Bakgrund: MÄnga barn kÀnner obehag och rÀdsla inför medicinska ÄtgÀrder inom sjukvÄrden. Studier har visat att nÄlrelaterade moment Àr det som upplevs mest skrÀmmande. Barn kommer till en röntgenavdelning för att undersökas och ofta behöver kontrastmedel injiceras. StickrÀdsla hos barn Àr ett vanligt förekommande problem och det Àr dÀrför viktigt att ÄtgÀrda det. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka ÄtgÀrder och metoder som kan minska smÀrta och stickrÀdsla hos barn. Metod: För att sammanstÀlla ÄtgÀrder valdes litteraturstudie. Totalt ingick 14 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades genom en integrerad analys. Resultat: Genom olika ÄtgÀrder sÄsom lÀkemedel, förberedelser, information och delaktighet, distraktion, hjÀlpmedel för smÀrtlindring och distraktion samt förÀldrarnas medverkan kunde smÀrta och stickrÀdsla minska. Slutsats: Det Àr viktigt att tillÀmpa metoder för att öka barnets vÀlbefinnande vid en nÄlinsÀttning. Studien ska bidra till ökad förstÄelse och kunskap hos sjukvÄrdspersonal

    Modelling and extracting periodically deforming objects by continuous, spatio-temporal shape description

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    This thesis proposes a new model for describing spatio-temporally deforming objects. Through a novel use of Fourier descriptors, it is shown how arbitrary shape description can be extended to include spatio-temporal shape deformation. It is further demonstrated that these new spatio-temporal Fourier descriptors have the ability to be used as the basis for both the recognition and extraction of deforming objects. Application of this new recognition technique to human gait sequences demonstrates recognition rates of over 86% for individual human subjects, signifying that these descriptors possess unique descriptive properties. Based upon the new spatio-temporal Fourier descriptor model, a new technique for the detection and extraction of deforming shapes from an image sequence is presented through a new variant of the Hough transform (the Continuous Deformable Hough Transform) that utilises spatio-temporal shape correlation within an evidence-gathering context. This new technique demonstrates excellent success rates and tolerance to noise, correctly extracting human subjects in image sequences corrupted with noise levels of up to 80%. The technique is also tested extensively using real-world data, thus demonstrating its worth in a modern-day computer vision system. Both the spatio-temporal Fourier descriptor model, the Continuous Deformable Hough Transform, and aspects of their application are fully discussed throughout the thesis, along with ideas and suggestions for future research and development.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

    Behov och applicering av riskbaserad brandskyddsdimensionering i Sverige

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    As buildings get more and more complex and our cities get more and more populated, challenges arise for the persons involved in designing buildings. One of the most important system, the fire protection measures, needs to be designed properly for every building. As the buildings get more complex, the fire protection design needs more often to be flexible and appropriate for the situation. One way to do this is by evaluating the fire protection design with risk-based methods. Although this possibility exists in the Swedish regulatory system, not many buildings are designed using this method. This study uses literature studies along with interviews to examine how risk-based methods could be more involved in the Swedish regulatory system. The study also evaluates which pros and cons that exists with the methods as well as when it is appropriate to use it. The study concludes that there is a possibility to use risk-based methods in the design of buildings today, although an enhanced method description along with specified acceptance criteria are needed in order to extend the usage of the methods. The possibilities with using risk-based methods is primary the increased flexibility in building design. The major downside identified is the increased cost which these methods come along with related to the increased time needed to perform the analysis.I Sverige sÄvÀl som övriga vÀrlden ökar befolkningen för varje dag som gÄr. VÄra stÀder förtÀtas och överallt dyker nya byggnader upp. Förutom att uppföra fler byggnader vill vi Àven att dessa ska vara höga och pÄ andra sÀtt komplexa. Detta stÀller i sin tur högre krav pÄ projektören som ska sÀkerstÀlla byggnadens brandskydd. För att bestÀmma hur brandskyddet ska utformas i byggnader kan projektören antingen följa de allmÀnna rÄden i Boverkets byggregler eller utföra ingenjörsmÀssiga berÀkningar, sÄ kallad analytisk dimensionering. I takt med att vi i Sverige bygger mer komplexa byggnader som vi inte tidigare har erfarenhet av, exempelvis Karlatornet i Göteborg, ökar kraven pÄ brandskyddets utformning. Dels finns en problematik i att vi dimensionerar byggnader som vi saknar riktlinjer för, men ocksÄ att komplexa byggnader kan krÀva en ökad flexibilitet hos projektörer. Studien har dÀrför undersökt hur flexibiliteten i brandskyddsdimensionering kan ökas ytterligare genom att anvÀnda riskanalys vid verifiering av brandskyddet. Syftet med studien har Àven varit att undersöka de för- samt nackdelar en sÄdan metodik medför. För att undersöka problematiken har en litteraturgenomgÄng av andra omrÄden dÀr det anvÀnds riskbaserade metoder utförts. Litteraturen har kompletterats med en intervjustudie dÀr brandkonsulter, rÀddningstjÀnster, Boverket, stadsbyggnadskontoret samt Trafikverket medverkar för att undersöka branschaktivas instÀllning till metoden. Intervjuerna har identifierat synpunkter och Äsikter hos respondenterna som har haft olika bakgrund och instÀllning till riskanalyser och byggnadstekniskt brandskydd. Resultatet frÄn studien har visat att nÄgon form av övergripande metoder och riktlinjer över hur verifiering av en byggnads brandskydd, genom kvantitativ riskanalys, bör införas. Det Àr Àven viktigt för utvecklingen att vilken typ av sÀkerhetsmÄl som brandskyddet ska verifieras mot faststÀlls samt vilka acceptansnivÄer som ska uppfyllas. FrÄn intervjuerna kunde vissa intressanta slutsatser konstateras. Det som direkt framkommer Àr att en majoritet av brandkonsulterna föresprÄkar att branschen sjÀlv fÄr stÄ för utveckling av metodik, vilket hÄrdraget innebÀr att endast acceptanskriterier krÀvs. De granskande myndigheterna, rÀddningstjÀnst, Boverket, stadsbyggnadskontoret, föresprÄkar dock en tydlig generell metodik för att ge resultaten tillförlitlighet. GÀllande sÀkerhetsmÄl kan Àven dÀr olikheter i svaren konstateras. Att endast verifiera mot risken för dödsfall anser samtliga vara ett dÄligt mÄtt. Vad som ska verifieras mot Àr dock osÀkert dÄ de flesta mÄtt som diskuteras medför olika för- och nackdelar. En av fördelarna med att öka anvÀndandet av riskanalyser i brandskyddsprojektering Àr att det medför en ökad flexibilitet i utformningen av byggnaden. Problematik som identifierats Àr exempelvis att denna metod innebÀr ökade projekteringskostnader. Slutligen framgÄr det att riskbaserade metoder lÀmpar sig för framförallt komplexa byggnader dÀr allmÀnna rÄd för utförandet av brandskyddet saknas. Riskbaserad metodik kan dock anvÀndas Àven i andra fall, exempelvis vid ombyggnader eller dÄ organisatoriska förhÄllanden kan vara av vÀrde att tillgodose
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