Oportunidades de desarrollo del mercado de bonos de carbono en el Per?

Debido al contexto internacional donde los pa?ses han tomado conciencia del cambio clim?tico, en la presente tesis se estableci? como objetivo principal ?- Evaluar los beneficios econ?micos de negociar los certificados de bonos de carbono emitidos en Per??. Para ello se revis? informaci?n disponible sobre el funcionamiento de la emisi?n de bonos de carbono en el Per? y en otros pa?ses de Latinoam?rica, se realiz? entrevistas a expertos en el tema a fin de identificar las causas que dificultan que la oferta de bonos de carbono en el pa?s sea compatible con la demanda existente. Asimismo, mediante el an?lisis de viabilidad financiera en el supuesto que se decidiera promover la venta de bonos de carbono en zonas naturales protegidas por el Estado a trav?s del mecanismo REDD+, se identific? el potencial que tiene el Per? para emitir bonos de carbono e identificar si las inversiones en estos tipos de proyectos ser?an atractivos para futuros inversionistas. Por ?ltimo, se concluye que con la emisi?n de bonos de carbono no s?lo se contribuye a mitigar los GEI, sino que, adicionalmente, los beneficios econ?micos generados podr?an utilizarse en sectores como salud y/o educaci?n

Effect of natalizumab on disease progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (ASCEND). a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension

Background: Although several disease-modifying treatments are available for relapsing multiple sclerosis, treatment effects have been more modest in progressive multiple sclerosis and have been observed particularly in actively relapsing subgroups or those with lesion activity on imaging. We sought to assess whether natalizumab slows disease progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, independent of relapses. Methods: ASCEND was a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (part 1) with an optional 2 year open-label extension (part 2). Enrolled patients aged 18–58 years were natalizumab-naive and had secondary progressive multiple sclerosis for 2 years or more, disability progression unrelated to relapses in the previous year, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of 3·0–6·5. In part 1, patients from 163 sites in 17 countries were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 300 mg intravenous natalizumab or placebo every 4 weeks for 2 years. Patients were stratified by site and by EDSS score (3·0–5·5 vs 6·0–6·5). Patients completing part 1 could enrol in part 2, in which all patients received natalizumab every 4 weeks until the end of the study. Throughout both parts, patients and staff were masked to the treatment received in part 1. The primary outcome in part 1 was the proportion of patients with sustained disability progression, assessed by one or more of three measures: the EDSS, Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), and 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT). The primary outcome in part 2 was the incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events. Efficacy and safety analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01416181. Findings: Between Sept 13, 2011, and July 16, 2015, 889 patients were randomly assigned (n=440 to the natalizumab group, n=449 to the placebo group). In part 1, 195 (44%) of 439 natalizumab-treated patients and 214 (48%) of 448 placebo-treated patients had confirmed disability progression (odds ratio [OR] 0·86; 95% CI 0·66–1·13; p=0·287). No treatment effect was observed on the EDSS (OR 1·06, 95% CI 0·74–1·53; nominal p=0·753) or the T25FW (0·98, 0·74–1·30; nominal p=0·914) components of the primary outcome. However, natalizumab treatment reduced 9HPT progression (OR 0·56, 95% CI 0·40–0·80; nominal p=0·001). In part 1, 100 (22%) placebo-treated and 90 (20%) natalizumab-treated patients had serious adverse events. In part 2, 291 natalizumab-continuing patients and 274 natalizumab-naive patients received natalizumab (median follow-up 160 weeks [range 108–221]). Serious adverse events occurred in 39 (13%) patients continuing natalizumab and in 24 (9%) patients initiating natalizumab. Two deaths occurred in part 1, neither of which was considered related to study treatment. No progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy occurred. Interpretation: Natalizumab treatment for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis did not reduce progression on the primary multicomponent disability endpoint in part 1, but it did reduce progression on its upper-limb component. Longer-term trials are needed to assess whether treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis might produce benefits on additional disability components. Funding: Biogen

Caso piloto : prospectiva sector agroindustrial con énfasis en biotecnología prospectiva sectorial

El documento presenta los resultados del primer piloto de prospectiva sectorial en el marco del proyecto prospectiva sectorial enfocado en biotecnología aplicada a la agroindustria y su desarrollo en la región Pacifico, realizado por el Centro de Biotecnología Industrial CBI Palmira, con el apoyo de los Centros de las Regionales Valle, Cauca y Nariño, se describe la metodología empleada, las etapas de pre-prospectiva, prospectiva y post-prospectiva así como la identificación de escenarios y estrategias futuras a abordar por parte del SENAThe document presents the results of the first sectoral foresight pilot in the framework of the prospective sectoral project focused on biotechnology applied to agroindustry and its development in the Pacific region, carried out by the CBI Palmira Industrial Biotechnology Center, with the support of the The Regional Valleys, Cauca and Nariño, describes the methodology used, the pre-prospective, prospective and post-prospection stages, as well as the identification of future scenarios and strategies to be addressed by SENAfase I: pre–prospectiva -- fase II: prospectiva -- fase III: pos–prospectiva -- Conclusiones para la toma de decisiones estratégicasnaDocumento creado en colaboración del Sistema de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación (SENNOVA), Centro de Biotecnología Industrial (CBI), Centro Nacional de Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (ASTIN), Centro Internacional de Producción Limpia (LOPE) y el Instituto de Prospectiva de la Universidad del Valle87 página

The Large Observatory For X-ray Timing: LOFT

LOFT, the Large Observatory for X-ray Timing, is a new space mission concept devoted to observations of Galactic and extra-Galactic sources in the X-ray domain with the main goals of probing gravity theory in the very strong field environment of black holes and other compact objects, and investigating the state of matter at supra-nuclear densities in neutron stars. The instruments on-board LOFT, the Large area detector and the Wide Field Monitor combine for the first time an unprecedented large effective area (~10 m2 at 8 keV) sensitive to X-ray photons mainly in the 2-30 keV energy range and a spectral resolution approaching that of CCD-based telescopes (down to 200 eV at 6 keV). LOFT is currently competing for a launch of opportunity in 2022 together with the other M3 mission candidates of the ESA Cosmic Vision Progra

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results: To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk.Peer reviewe