464 research outputs found

    Senescence in natural populations of animals:Widespread evidence and its implications for bio-gerontology

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    That senescence is rarely, if ever, observed in natural populations is an oft-quoted fallacy within bio-gerontology. We identify the roots of this fallacy in the otherwise seminal works of Medawar and Comfort, and explain that under antagonistic pleiotropy or disposable soma explanations for the evolution of senescence there is no reason why senescence cannot evolve to be manifest within the life expectancies of wild organisms. The recent emergence of long-term field studies presents irrefutable evidence that senescence is commonly detected in nature. We found such evidence in 175 different animal species from 340 separate studies. Although the bulk of this evidence comes from birds and mammals, we also found evidence for senescence in other vertebrates and insects. We describe how high-quality longitudinal field data allow us to test evolutionary explanations for differences in senescence between the sexes and among traits and individuals. Recent studies indicate that genes, prior environment and investment in growth and reproduction influence aging rates in the wild. We argue that – with the fallacy that wild animals do not senesce finally dead and buried – collaborations between bio-gerontologists and field biologists can begin to test the ecological generality of purportedly ‘public’ mechanisms regulating aging in laboratory models

    A unified framework for evolutionary genetic and physiological theories of aging

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    Why and how we age are 2 intertwined questions that have fascinated scientists for many decades. However, attempts to answer these questions remain compartmentalized, preventing a comprehensive understanding of the aging process. We argue that the current lack of knowledge about the evolution of aging mechanisms is due to a lack of clarity regarding evolutionary theories of aging that explicitly involve physiological processes: the disposable soma theory (DST) and the developmental theory of aging (DTA). In this Essay, we propose a new hierarchical model linking genes to vital rates, enabling us to critically reevaluate the DST and DTA in terms of their relationship to evolutionary genetic theories of aging (mutation accumulation (MA) and antagonistic pleiotropy (AP)). We also demonstrate how these 2 theories can be incorporated in a unified hierarchical framework. The new framework will help to generate testable hypotheses of how the hallmarks of aging are shaped by natural selection.</p

    Propositions méthodologiques pour l'évaluation du dispositif CODEV-OGAF de la province Nord en Nouvelle-Calédonie : travaux réalisés par l'axe III de l'IAC avec un mission d'appui du CIRAD département Environnement et Sociétés

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    Nota: dans ce qui suit, les projets soutenus par le CODEV ou soutenus par le dispositif CODEV OGAF seront dĂ©signĂ©s sous le terme gĂ©nĂ©rique projet CODEV et ce pour des commoditĂ©s de rĂ©daction uniquement ? Ce rapport est une contribution au montage de l'Ă©tude d'Ă©valuation du CODEV1 en province Nord de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie, confiĂ© Ă  l'IAC (convention n°09C248/2009). Il rend compte des travaux conduits par l'Ă©quipe de l'IAC associĂ©e Ă  deux chercheurs du Cirad durant le mois de fĂ©vrier 2010. ConformĂ©ment aux termes de la convention, les travaux conduits ont permis de prĂ©parer les travaux proprement dits de l'Ă©valuation (enquĂȘte et entretiens, traitement des donnĂ©es), devant faire l'objet d'une autre convention et devant dĂ©boucher sur la remise du rapport final d'Ă©valuation fin juillet. La question de l'Ă©valuation du CODEV suppose que l'on replace ce dispositif dans l'histoire rĂ©cente des politiques publiques de la province constituĂ©e en tant qu'exĂ©cutif territorial Ă  partir de 1988 date des Accords Matignon Oudinot. Cette Ă©valuation pose des problĂšmes de mĂ©thode pour plusieurs raisons et notamment, la durĂ©e du dispositif (1990-2010) et les Ă©volutions du contexte, l'absence de situation de rĂ©fĂ©rence ou d'Ă©chantillon de "contrĂŽle", les changements d'orientations... Il a Ă©tĂ© retenu de combiner une approche qualitative et quantitative (quand cela est possible) qui fait appel Ă : (i) une enquĂȘte reprĂ©sentative sur un Ă©chantillon tirĂ© de maniĂšre alĂ©atoire dans l'ensemble des projets soutenus par le CODEV; (ii) une sĂ©rie d'entretiens semi ouverts conduits Ă  partir d'une grille auprĂšs d'un Ă©chantillon raisonnĂ© de promoteurs choisis en collaboration avec les services techniques de la province pour leur signification Ă©conomique et sociale; (iii) une sĂ©rie d'entretiens avec les acteurs en charge du dispositif CODEV. Enfin sur la base des premiers rĂ©sultats et analyses, deux sessions d'Ă©changes avec les services de la province permettront de dĂ©boucher sur une analyse partagĂ©e des conclusions et des perspectives. Une partie du travail a consistĂ© Ă  prĂ©parer la base de donnĂ©es pour le tirage de l'Ă©chantillon. Cette base a Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©e Ă  partir d'une extraction de la base de donnĂ©es de la province Nord, contenant l'ensemble des projets enregistrĂ©s jusqu'en fĂ©vrier 2010 et les ajouts de la base de suivi constituĂ©e par l'IAC en collaboration avec la province en 2009. Ont enfin Ă©tĂ© retirĂ©s de la base d'Ă©chantillonnage les quelques projets de trop grande ampleur, dont le suivi en peut se rĂ©soudre Ă  un passage rapide d'un questionnaire, mais relĂšve davantage de l'audit. Des analyses prĂ©alables au tirage au sort permettent d'ores et dĂ©jĂ  de dresser un Ă©tat des projets financĂ©s par le CODEV. Ces analyses ont permis de stratifier la population des projets et de prĂ©parer le tirage au sort. La base de donnĂ©es prĂ©parĂ©e pour le tirage reprĂ©sente la population qui fait l'objet de cette Ă©valuation est constituĂ©e de 3 362 projets financĂ©s entre 1989 et 2008 (compris) pour 2 720 promoteurs. Ces projets reprĂ©sentent un montant total des plans de financement de 9,8 milliards dont 3,4 milliards de subventions versĂ©es par la province Nord. L'objectif fixĂ© pour cette Ă©valuation Ă©tait 400 projets enquĂȘtĂ©s soit un taux de sondage de 12%. Pour disposer d'un Ă©chantillon un peu plus large, 448 projets ont Ă©tĂ© tirĂ©s au hasard dans la base de sondage (tirage avec stratification par pĂ©riode et type de projet), soit un taux de sondage de plus de 13%. Cette enquĂȘte sur Ă©chantillon reprĂ©sentatif produira des informations extrapolables sur l'ensemble du dispositif CODEV. L'autre partie du travail a consistĂ© Ă  mettre au point les guides d'enquĂȘtes et d'entretien pour les promoteurs. Un premier questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© Ă  partir de quelques tests successifs auprĂšs d'un petit nombre de promoteurs choisis pour leur disponibilitĂ© et leur ouverture pour se prĂȘter Ă  ce type d'exercice. Ce questionnaire permet de saisir les caractĂ©ristiques socio Ă©conomiques des promoteurs et de leur m

    No Difference between the Sexes in Fine-Scale Spatial Genetic Structure of Roe Deer

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    Background: Data on spatial genetic patterns may provide information about the ecological and behavioural mechanisms underlying population structure. Indeed, social organization and dispersal patterns of species may be reflected by the pattern of genetic structure within a population. [br/] Methodology/Principal Findings: We investigated the fine-scale spatial genetic structure of a roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population in Trois-Fontaines (France) using 12 microsatellite loci. The roe deer is weakly polygynous and highly sedentary, and can form matrilineal clans. We show that relatedness among individuals was negatively correlated with geographic distance, indicating that spatially proximate individuals are also genetically close. More unusually for a large mammalian herbivore, the link between relatedness and distance did not differ between the sexes, which is consistent with the lack of sex-biased dispersal and the weakly polygynous mating system of roe deer. [br/] Conclusions/Significance: Our results contrast with previous reports on highly polygynous species with male-biased dispersal, such as red deer, where local genetic structure was detected in females only. This divergence between species highlights the importance of socio-spatial organization in determining local genetic structure of vertebrate populations

    Acute Effects of TiO2 Nanomaterials on the Viability and Taxonomic Composition of Aquatic Bacterial Communities Assessed via High-Throughput Screening and Next Generation Sequencing

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    The nanotechnology industry is growing rapidly, leading to concerns about the potential ecological consequences of the release of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to the environment. One challenge of assessing the ecological risks of ENMs is the incredible diversity of ENMs currently available and the rapid pace at which new ENMs are being developed. High-throughput screening (HTS) is a popular approach to assessing ENM cytotoxicity that offers the opportunity to rapidly test in parallel a wide range of ENMs at multiple concentrations. However, current HTS approaches generally test one cell type at a time, which limits their ability to predict responses of complex microbial communities. In this study toxicity screening via a HTS platform was used in combination with next generation sequencing (NGS) to assess responses of bacterial communities from two aquatic habitats, Lake Michigan (LM) and the Chicago River (CR), to short-term exposure in their native waters to several commercial TiO2 nanomaterials under simulated solar irradiation. Results demonstrate that bacterial communities from LM and CR differed in their sensitivity to nano-TiO2, with the community from CR being more resistant. NGS analysis revealed that the composition of the bacterial communities from LM and CR were significantly altered by exposure to nano-TiO2, including decreases in overall bacterial diversity, decreases in the relative abundance of Actinomycetales, Sphingobacteriales, Limnohabitans, and Flavobacterium, and a significant increase in Limnobacter. These results suggest that the release of nano-TiO2 to the environment has the potential to alter the composition of aquatic bacterial communities, which could have implications for the stability and function of aquatic ecosystems. The novel combination of HTS and NGS described in this study represents a major advance over current methods for assessing ENM ecotoxicity because the relative toxicities of multiple ENMs to thousands of naturally occurring bacterial species can be assessed simultaneously under environmentally relevant conditions

    IFN-gamma mediates the rejection of haematopoietic stem cells in IFN-gammaR1-deficient hosts.

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    International audienceBACKGROUND: Interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFN-gammaR1) deficiency is a life-threatening inherited disorder, conferring predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment available, but is hampered by a very high rate of graft rejection, even with intra-familial HLA-identical transplants. This high rejection rate is not seen in any other congenital disorders and remains unexplained. We studied the underlying mechanism in a mouse model of HSCT for IFN-gammaR1 deficiency. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We demonstrated that HSCT with cells from a syngenic C57BL/6 Ifngr1+/+ donor engrafted well and restored anti-mycobacterial immunity in naive, non-infected C57BL/6 Ifngr1-/- recipients. However, Ifngr1-/- mice previously infected with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) rejected HSCT. Like infected IFN-gammaR1-deficient humans, infected Ifngr1-/- mice displayed very high serum IFN-gamma levels before HSCT. The administration of a recombinant IFN-gamma-expressing AAV vector to Ifngr1-/- naive recipients also resulted in HSCT graft rejection. Transplantation was successful in Ifngr1-/- x Ifng-/- double-mutant mice, even after BCG infection. Finally, efficient antibody-mediated IFN-gamma depletion in infected Ifngr1-/- mice in vivo allowed subsequent engraftment. CONCLUSIONS: High serum IFN-gamma concentration is both necessary and sufficient for graft rejection in IFN-gammaR1-deficient mice, inhibiting the development of heterologous, IFN-gammaR1-expressing, haematopoietic cell lineages. These results confirm that IFN-gamma is an anti-haematopoietic cytokine in vivo. They also pave the way for HSCT management in IFN-gammaR1-deficient patients through IFN-gamma depletion from the blood. They further raise the possibility that depleting IFN-gamma may improve engraftment in other settings, such as HSCT from a haplo-identical or unrelated donor
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