Commitment motor time in primary education first and second cycle physical education sessions

[Resumen] Los principales objetivos de esta investigación fueron describir el tipo de sesiones más habituales en las clases de educación física en función del tipo de agrupamientos de los alumnos y analizar el tiempo de compromiso motor (TCM) en función del tipo de sesión, curso escolar o la hora de práctica en alumnos de educación primaria. En este estudio participaron 264 niños y niñas. En total se registraron 176 sesiones de educación física mediante la herramienta de observación TiPEF que mostro unos valores excelentes de fiabilidad (Kappa de Cohen = 0,95-0,99). Las sesiones donde se utilizó un agrupamiento de gran grupo fueron las más utilizadas (33,5%) y las sesiones donde los agrupamientos fueron en grupos de 4, 8 y 12 participantes fueron las menos utilizadas (5,7% cada una). La duración media del TCM para todas las sesiones analizadas fue de 21,4 ± 3,8 min/sesión, lo que supone que un 67,2% del tiempo se destino a otras tareas que no implicaron práctica motriz. Los alumnos de primer curso fueron los que más TCM dispusieron por sesión y los de tercer curso los que menos (p < 0,01). En las sesiones de después del recreo y a primera hora de la tarde el TCM que tenían los alumnos fue mayor (p < 0,01) que en la última sesión de la mañana y de la tarde. Puede resultar imprescindible que las instituciones educativas y los profesores de educación física realicen acciones específicas encaminadas a aumentar el TCM en estas edades.[Abstract] The main objectives of this study were to describe the most common type of sessions in physical education classes depending on the type of students groupings and to analyze the time available for practice (TCM) depending on the type of meeting, school year or when students practice the first, second and third year of primary education. This study involved 264 children who were studying in the first, second and third year of primary education. A total of 176 physical education sessions were recorded by observation tool TiPEF which showed excellent reliability (Cohen's Kappa = 0.95 to 0.99). The sessions where a cluster of large group used were the most used (33.5%) and sessions where the clusters were in groups of 4, 8 and 12 participants were the least used (5.7% each). The mean duration of TCM for all sessions analyzed was 21.4 ± 3.8 min / session, meaning that 67.2% of the time bound for other tasks that did not involve driving practice. The freshmen were the most TCM arranged by session and the third year the least (p <0.01). In sessions after recess and early in the afternoon TCM having students was higher (p <0.01) than in the last session of the morning and afternoon. It can be essential that educational institutions and physical education teachers perform specific actions to increase the TCM at these age

Evaluación de la efectividad de distintos programas motores basados en la interferencia contextual en estudiantes de educación primaria

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de distintos programas de intervención, aplicados en las clases de educación física y basados en la interferencia contextual (IC), en niños y niñas de tercer curso de educación primaria (9-10 años). 70 niños (35 chicos y 35 chicas) de un colegio público, que cursaban el tercer curso de educación primaria, participaron en el estudio. Los alumnos fueron divididos en cuatro grupos en función del tipo de programa de IC a realizar, siendo testada su capacidad de cambiar de dirección (Modified Agility Test, MAT) y aceleración (tiempo en el sprint de 5 y 15 m) antes y después de las 5 semanas de intervención. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la capacidad de cambiar de dirección entre el pretest y el postest en el grupo IC baja, en el grupo IC moderada y en el grupo IC variable y no ocurrió lo mismo con el grupo IC alta. Únicamente el grupo de IC baja mostró diferencias significativas entre el pretest y el postest en el sprint de 5 m y ninguno de los programas fue efectivo en la capacidad de aceleración de 15 m. Las características o rasgos de los programas de intervención basados en el nivel de interferencia contextual condicionaron los efectos producidos en la capacidad de aceleración y en el cambio de dirección.The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of different intervention programmes, applied in physical education classes and based on contextual interference (CI), in children in their 3rd year of primary education (9-10 years). Seventy children (35 boys and 35 girls) from a state school, who were in their third year of primary education, took part in the study. The school children were divided into four groups depending on the type of CI programme they were going to carry out. Their capacity to change direction (Modified Agility Test MAT) and acceleration capacity (time for a 5m and 15m sprint) were tested before and after the 5 week intervention. Significant differences were found in capacity to change direction capacity between the pre-test and post-test in the low CI group, the moderate CI group and the variable CI group, but not in the high CI group. Only the low CI group showed significant differences between the pre test and post-test in the 5m sprint and none of the programmes were effective on acceleration capacity in the 15m sprint. The features or characteristics of the intervention programmes based on the level of contextual interference conditioned the effects produced on acceleration and capacity to change direction.O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de distintos programas de intervenção, aplicados em aulas de educação física e baseados na interferência contextual (IC), em rapazes e raparigas do terceiro ano de educação primária (9-10 anos). 70 crianças (35 rapazes e 35 raparigas) de uma escola pública, que frequentavam o terceiro ano de educação primária, participaram no estudo. Os alunos foram divididos em quatro grupos em função do tipo de programa de IC a realizar, sendo testada a sua capacidade para mudar de direcção (Modified Agility Test, MAT) e aceleração (tempo em sprint de 5 e 15 m) antes e depois das 5 semanas de intervenção. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na capacidade de mudar de direcção entre o pré- teste e o pós-teste no grupo de IC baixa, no grupo IC moderada e no grupo IC variável, não ocorrendo o mesmo com o grupo IC alta. Unicamente o grupo de IC baixa revelou diferenças significativas entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste no sprint de 5 m e nenhum dos programas foi efectivo na capacidade de aceleração de 15 m. As características ou traços dos programas de intervenção baseados no nível de interferência contextual condicionaram os efeitos produzidos na capacidade de aceleração e na mudança de direção

Analysis of goals scored by players with cerebral palsy in official football 7-a-side matches

The purpose of this study was to analyze goals scored in football 7-a-side matches by players with cerebral palsy (CP) in terms of when they occur in the game, what their characteristics are, what part of the body is used and from what part of the field shots have been taken. This study analysed 23 football matches corresponding to two Football 7-a-side Spanish Championships for players with CP held over two consecutive seasons. A total of 10 teams and 68 players participated in the study. The observation data sheet was made up according to three criteria (when goals were scored in terms of playing time, body part used to score, type of a goal and from where a shot has been taken) and 15 categories. Contrary to what occurs in conventional football, the results of this study show that in the football 7-a-side matches for players with CP a higher number of goals were scored in the first half (58.9%), especially in the first fifteen minutes (30.6%). The majority of goals were scored from inside the penalty area (61.3%). An average of 7.5 goals was scored per match. Most of the goals were scored when the ball was in play (94.9%) and only 5.1% were scored from kicking a stationary ball. It may be of interest to specifically train defensive aspects which can be applied during the first few minutes of the game in order to reduce the number of goals conceded at the beginning of matches

DIFFERENTIATED PERCEIVED MATCH LOAD AND ITS VARIABILITY ACCORDING TO PLAYING POSITION IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS DURING AN ENTIRE SEASON

The aims were to assess differentiated perceived match exertion and its variability according to playing position for professional soccer players. Nineteen Spanish players declared their respiratory and muscular perceived exertions (PEs) after official matches during an entire season. Players were classified according to their playing position. In order to assess differentiated perceived match exertion, soccer players were asked to assess their perceived level of exertion following each official match. Considerable differences (p<.05; ES=.41 to 2.49) were found between some playing positions but not always in both dimensions of PE (respiratory and muscular). Advanced midfielders (AvMs), wide midfielders (WMs) and wing backs (WnBs) reported the highest match respiratory PE and muscular PE scores. Furthermore, match-to-match differentiated perceived match exertion variability ranged from 12.8 to 27.7% for respiratory perceived exertion and from 11.5 to 25.2% for muscular perceived exertion according to playing position. Match respiratory-muscular PE differences varied among the playing positions, showing higher muscular PE than respiratory PE in central backs (CBs), WMs and central midfielders (CMs) (p<.05; ES=-.35 to .68), but higher respiratory PE than muscular PE in wing backs (p<.05; ES=-.35). Soccer differentiated perceived match exertion is different inter and intra some playing positions, showing large swings for match-to-match variability between playing positions. These facts confirm that the deconstruction of the overall PE provides a more accurate evaluation of the subjective match internal load in some playing positions

Análisis de la satisfacción laboral percibida por los trabajadores pertenecientes al sector deportivo: una revisión sistemática

The aim of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the existing scientific information on job satisfaction as perceived by workers or professionals in sports organisations. This systematic review followed the considerations established by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The present systematic review included published research papers whose subject matter was related to the job satisfaction of the worker or professional in the field of sport and especially in municipal sports services. After an initial papers analysis of 168 articles, we excluded those that did not meet the inclusion criteria (n = 147); thereby, we obtained the final selection of 18 articles. The results of this study seem to indicate that the job satisfaction of workers or professionals in sports organisations is fairly moderate and that there may also be differences depending on gender, type of work and the sector (public or private) to which they belong. Furthermore, the results analysed in this systematic review show that there is no uniformity in the evaluation systems for measuring workers' job satisfaction.El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión sistemática sobre de la información científica existente referente a la satisfacción laboral percibida por el trabajador o profesional de entidades deportivas. La presente revisión sistemática siguió las consideraciones establecidas por Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). En la presente revisión sistemática se incluyeron los estudios publicados cuya temática estuviera relacionada con la satisfacción laboral del trabajador o profesional en el ámbito deportivo y especialmente en los servicios deportivos municipales. Tras un primer análisis de trabajos donde se identificaron 168 artículos, se excluyeron aquellos que no cumplieran los criterios de inclusión (n = 147) y así, se obtuvo la selección definitiva de 18 artículos. Los resultados de este estudio parecen indicar que la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores o profesionales de entidades deportivas en su mayoría es moderada, y que además pueden existir diferencias en función del sexo, del tipo de trabajo y del sector (público o privado) al que pertenezcan. Por otro lado, de los resultados analizados en la presente revisión sistemática se desprende que no existe uniformidad en los sistemas de evaluación para medir la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores.&nbsp

Analysis of cardiac response of soccer referees in competition: a case study

][Resumen] Los objetivos de este estudio fueron, por un lado, examinar la respuesta cardiaca de un árbitro de fútbol tanto durante un test de campo incremental como durante dos partidos en un torneo nacional de categoría cadete, y por otro lado, determinar las zonas de intensidad del árbitro durante los partidos atendiendo a su FCmax individual. Un árbitro de fútbol de categoría nacional fue equipado con un pulsómetro (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finlandia) y su FC fue monitorizada durante la realización del Yo-Yo de recuperación intermitente nivel 1 (YYIR1) y durante dos partidos de un Torneo de Fútbol de categoría cadete. Las zonas de intensidad se establecieron atendiendo a la clasificación de Edwards (1993). La FCmax obtenida en el YYIR1 y en los partidos fue de 178 ppm y 161 ppm, respectivamente. Durante los partidos la FCmed registrada fue de 127 ± 1,03 ppm que corresponde a un 71,3% de la FCmax obtenida en el YYIR1. La distribución de la frecuencia cardiaca atendiendo a las zonas establecidas es la siguiente: 10 ± 1,95% (zona 1), 32 ± 1,65% (zona 2), 38 ± 5,14% (zona 3), 19 ± 4,31% (zona 4) y 1 ± 0,53% (zona 5). Los resultados obtenidos nos muestran que la FC más alta alcanzada en partidos de categoría cadete es inferior a la alcanzada en el YYIR1. Además, se observa que la carga interna, medida mediante FC obtenida en partidos, es inferior a la reportada en otros estudios con árbitros en partidos de categoría sénior[Abstract] The aims of this study were: at first, to examine the cardiac response of an soccer referee both during an incremental field test and during two matches in a national Tournament Under 16 (U16), and secondly, to identify the different intensities of the soccer referee during the matches attending to his maximal heart rate (HRmax). A soccer referee of national competitive-level was equipped with a heart rate monitor (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) and the HR was monitored during the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) and during two matches of U16 National Tournament. The intensities were established attending to Edwards classification (1993). The average of HR (HRav) obtained in the YYIR1 and in the matches was 178 bpm and 161 bpm, respectively. HRav registered during matches was 127 ± 1.03 bpm approximately at 71.3% of FCmax obtained in the YYIR1. The percentage of time spent at different intensities during the matches was: 10 ± 1.95% (zone 1), 32 ± 1.65% (zone 2), 38 ± 5.14% (zone 3), 19 ± 4.31% (zone 4) y 1 ± 0.53% (zone 5). Our findings show that the highest HR reached during matches, is lower than HRmax registered during the YYIR1. Likewise, we can observe that internal match load, measured as a FC obtained during matches, is lower than the results of other studies during senior competitive-level matches

Influencia de una unidad didáctica de fuerza en el rendimiento de lanzamiento de balón medicinal en alumnos de bachillerato

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a strength unit on the medicine ball throw capacity (LBM) in high school students. 132 adolescents (16,8 ± 0,7 years; 61,7 ± 11,1 kg; 1,68 ± 0,09 m; 21,9 ± 3,1 kg·m-2), corresponding to 1st high school level of Benjamin Institute, participated in this study. 57 were boys&nbsp; and 75 were girls. In a previous session before starting the study (T1), an assessment of medicine ball throw capacity (LBM) was performed for all participants. Then, 2 sessions per week during 8 weeks of a strength unit was developed. After this intervention (T2), the same assessment was again performed. A t test for paired samples was used to compare the differences between the results in T1 and T2 for all participants, for boys group and for girls group. The results showed a significant improvement (p &lt; 0,01) in the LBM in all participants (% = 6,28; d = -0,34), in boys (% = 7,41; d = -0,51) and in girls (% = 5,22; d = -0,28) after a 8-week intervention program. Strength unit that, consisted in 16 sessions with 60 minutes per session and 8 consecutive weeks, induced an improvement on the medicine ball throw capacity in boys and girls of the 1st high school level.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de una unidad didáctica de fuerza en la capacidad de lanzamiento de balón medicinal (LBM) de alumnos de bachillerato. En este estudio participaron 132 alumnos (16,8 ± 0,7 años; 61,7 ± 11,1 kg; 1,68 ± 0,09 m; 21,9 ± 3,1 kg·m-2) pertenecientes al Primer curso de Bachillerato del Instituto Benjamín de Tudela, de los cuales 57 eran chicos y 75 eran chicas. &nbsp;En una sesión previa al comienzo del estudio (T1), se realizó una prueba de valoración de la capacidad de lanzamiento de balón medicinal (LBM) de todos los participantes. Seguidamente se desarrollaron las 2 sesiones semanales de la unidad didáctica de fuerza durante 8 semanas. Tras finalizar la intervención (T2), se volvió a realizar el mismo test de valoración. Para determinar las diferencias entre los resultados obtenidos en el T1 y el T2 para el total de los participantes, y de forma independiente para el grupo de chicos y el de las chicas, se utilizó una prueba t de muestras relacionadas. Los resultados mostraron una mejora significativa (p &lt; 0,01) en el LBM de todos los participantes (% = 6,28; d = -0,34), del grupo de los chicos (% = 7,41; d = -0,51) y del grupo de las chicas (% = 5,22; d = -0,28) después de las 8 semanas de intervención. La unidad didáctica de fuerza, que consistía en 16 sesiones con una duración de 60 minutos por sesión y que se realizaron en 8 semanas consecutivas, generó una mejora en la capacidad de LBM en los chicos y las chicas de primero de bachillerato. &nbsp

Effects of a mobility and dynamic strength intervention program on the range of motion, strength, and strength asymmetry in people with neck or low back pain

The purpose was to ascertain the effects of a 12-week intervention program based on exercises of mobility and dynamic strength on the stabilization of neck and trunk muscles in people with neck or low back pain according to gender. Forty-two subjects (n = 25 males and n = 17 females; age 49.62±8.82 years) with neck or low back pain completed a recovery-training program focused on improving mobility and strength in the stabilizing muscles of the trunk and neck. A range of motion test, a strength (maximum voluntary contraction) test and the muscle strength asymmetry of the muscle groups analyzed were assessed at the beginning (T1), after six (T2) and after 12 (T3) weeks of intervention. Improvements were seen in nine out of the 12 range of motion variables at T2 (ES=0.52 to 1.26, moderate-high; p<.05) and T3 (ES=-0.28 to -0.44, low; p<.05 or p<.01). Improvements were also evident in all the strength variables at T2 (ES=-0.81, high; p<.01) and T3 (ES=-1.08 to -0.95, high; p<.01). In contrast, in the strength asymmetry variables improvements were found in one out of the five variables analyzed at T2 (ES=-0.81, high; p<.01) and two out of five at T3 (ES=- 1.08 to -0.95, high; p<.01). In conclusion, the intervention was effective for improving range of motion and strength. However, to improve muscle strength asymmetry it may be necessary to include specific exercises

Is a Maximal Strength-Training Program Effective on Physical Fitness, Injury Incidence, and Injury Burden in Semi-Professional Soccer Players? A Randomized Controlled Trial

The aims of the study were to analyze the effects of a 12-week maximal strength- training program on injury incidence, injury burden, and physical fitness in semi-professional soccer players and to compare the perceived exertion load and well-being state between injured and non-injured soccer players. Twenty semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (EG, n = 10 players), who performed a maximal strength-training program, or to a control group (CG, n = 10 players), who only performed their regular soccer training. Physical fitness was measured at baseline and after the training program. In addition, the injury incidence, burden, training/match load, and the state of well-being of the players were recorded. The EG showed significant improvements in vertical jumps, change in direction ability, linear sprints, repeated sprint ability, isometric strength (p < 0.003; effect size = 1.78–11.86), and quadriceps–hamstring imbalance in both legs (p < 0.001; effect size = 2.37–3.71) in comparison to the CG. In addition, the EG players showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower injury burden (p < 0.001, relative risk = 5.05, 95% confidence interval = 3.27–7.79). This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of a 12-week maximal strength-training program on physical fitness attributes and injury burden in semi-professional soccer players.Javier Raya-González was supported by a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship (RYC2021-031072-I) given by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the State Research Agency (AEI), and the European Union (NextGenerationEU/PRTR)