วารสารบริหารการศึกษา มศว

วารสารบริหารการศึกษา มศวปีที่ 13 ฉบับที่ 24 มกราคม – มิถุนายน 2559SWU  Educational Administration JournalVol.13  No.24  January – June 2016ISSN 1685 – 225

Sustavi zaštite hrane kao odgovor na potencijalni teroristički čin putem hrane

Terrorist attacks on critical infrastructures can cause problems to a national stability and functioning. Food and water supply chains are some of the most important infrastructures, and it is the country’s (government’s) obligation to provide sufficient quantities of food and water to its population. Intentional food contamination can, among other motives, originate from an act of terrorism (with political or ideological motives) with the aim of causing fear (terror) among people. Food defence systems can help assess vulnerabilities, determine mitigation strategies for terrorist attack, estimate risks, and prevent a terrorist attack. Risk assessment and prevention also include control over the production and distribution of potential chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) agents or their related materials. When a terrorist attack occurs, rapid and organised response is essential in terms of determining the type of agent used, managing the diseased, ensuring the functioning of the food and water supply, and the recovery of the infrastructure system under attack. Food defence planning as part of a food counterterrorism strategy should include considerations regarding the global food market and the fact that ingredients are supplied from all over the world (vendor certificates). Preventing terrorist attacks on sources of food and water is a far better option than crisis management once an attack had already been committed, but governments should have a response to any scenario.Potencijalni teroristički napad na kritične infrastrukture može prouzročiti problem za stabilnost i funkcioniranje države. Opskrbni lanci hranom i vodom važne su državne infrastrukture, stoga država ima obvezu osigurati dovoljne količine hrane i vode svom pučanstvu. Namjerno trovanje hrane kazneno je djelo koje nastaje terorističkim činom (politički i ideološki motivi) ili izazivanjem straha (terora) među ljudima. Sustavi zaštite hrane mogu pomoći pri procjeni ranjivosti, određivanju strategija ublažavanja terorističkoga napada te pri procjeni rizika i sprječavanju rizika od terorističkoga napada. U procjenu i sprječavanje rizika pripada i kontrola prometa i proizvodnje potencijalnih kemijskih, bioloških, radioloških i nuklearnih (KBRN) agensâ ili srodnih materijala u državi i izvan nje. Kada se teroristički napad dogodi, bitan je brz i organiziran odgovor države u smislu određivanja vrste korištenog agensa, zbrinjavanja oboljelih, nastavka funkcioniranja opskrbe hranom i vodom nakon napada te oporavka napadnutoga sustava. Planiranje zaštite hrane kao dio strategije za borbu protiv terorizma hranom odnosno agroterorizma treba uključiti razmatranje globalnoga lanca opskrbe sastojcima hrane koja se nabavlja diljem svijeta (proizvođački certifikati). Prevencija terorističkoga napada na hranu bolji je izbor nego upravljanje kriznim događajem (počinjeni napad), ali država bi trebala imati spreman odgovor na sve opcije

Conflicts around Germany’s Energiewende: Discourse patterns of citizens’ initiatives

Especially since the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe (2011), Germany has expanded its renewably sourced energies. Nuclear power is to be phased out by 2022. What is central to federal policy is the expansion of wind-generated energy. Plans for new wind farms have, however, faced opposition. And the transportation of electricity from the windy north to the high-use south entails an expansion of the existing power grid, which also provokes conflict. The article scrutinises dominant patterns of discourse on these issues. Based on current discourse theory, the research sheds light on the argumentative power of citizens’ initiatives with respect to nature conservation, landscape, health and economics

Illness Mapping: A time and cost effective method to estimate healthcare data needed to establish community-based health insurance

Background: Most healthcare spending in developing countries is private out-of-pocket. One explanation for low penetration of health insurance is that poorer individuals doubt their ability to enforce insurance contracts. Community-based health insurance schemes (CBHI) are a solution, but launching CBHI requires obtaining accurate local data on morbidity, healthcare utilization and other details to inform package design and pricing. We developed the "Illness Mapping" method (IM) for data collection (faster and cheaper than household surveys). Methods. IM is a modification of two non-interactive consensus group methods (Delphi and Nominal Group Technique) to operate as interactive methods. We elicited estimates from "Experts" in the target community on morbidity and healthcare utilization. Interaction between facilitator and experts became essential to bridge literacy constraints and to reach consensus.The study was conducted in Gaya District, Bihar (India) during April-June 2010. The intervention included the IM and a household survey (HHS). IM included 18 women's and 17 men's groups. The HHS was conducted in 50 villages with1,000 randomly selected households (6,656 individuals). Results: We found good agreement between the two methods on overall prevalence of illness (IM: 25.9% ±3.6; HHS: 31.4%) and on prevalence of acute (IM: 76.9%; HHS: 69.2%) and chronic illnesses (IM: 20.1%; HHS: 16.6%). We also found good agreement on incidence of deliveries (IM: 3.9% ±0.4; HHS: 3.9%), and on hospital deliveries (IM: 61.0%. ± 5.4; HHS: 51.4%). For hospitalizations, we obtained a lower estimate from the IM (1.1%) than from the HHS (2.6%). The IM required less time and less person-power than a household survey, which translate into reduced costs. Conclusions: We have shown that our Illness Mapping method can be carried out at lower financial and human cost for sourcing essential local data, at acceptably accurate levels. In view of the good fit of results obtained, we assume that the method could work elsewhere as well

Human rights, health and the state in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND: This paper broadly discusses the role of the State of Bangladesh in the context of the health system and human rights. The interrelation between human rights, health and development are well documented. The recognition of health as a fundamental right by WHO and subsequent approval of health as an instrument of welfare by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (ICSECR) further enhances the idea. Moreover, human rights are also recognized as an expedient of human development. The state is entrusted to realize the rights enunciated in the ICSECR. DISCUSSION: In exploring the relationship of the human rights and health situation in Bangladesh, it is argued, in this paper, that the constitution and major policy documents of the Bangladesh government have recognized the health rights and development. Bangladesh has ratified most of the international treaties and covenants including ICCPR, ICESCR; and a signatory of international declarations including Alma-Ata, ICPD, Beijing declarations, and Millennium Development Goals. However the implementation of government policies and plans in the development of health institutions, human resources, accessibility and availability, resource distribution, rural-urban disparity, the male-female gap has put the health system in a dismal state. Neither the right to health nor the right to development has been established in the development of health system or in providing health care. SUMMARY: The development and service pattern of the health system have negative correlation with human rights and contributed to the underdevelopment of Bangladesh. The government should take comprehensive approach in prioritizing the health rights of the citizens and progressive realization of these rights