A study of the buildings on the bursars manors of Durham cathedral priory1270-1540

The object of this study is to establish the range of buildings on the Bursar's manors of Durham Cathedral Priory, and their development through the period 1270 to 1540, using both the historical and the archaeological evidence. The aim was not only to study buildings individually but as part of a working system in relation to both the monastery and community. The Intention was to fill one small but important gap In our knowledge of the Priory. The agricultural systems and the ecclesiastical buildings are receiving attention; this study of the secular buildings which are the centres of their estates, complements other work and adds to the picture of the Priory's activities. Using the Bursar's building accounts, all the buildings on each manor are noted, and their building and repair considered. Attention id then turned to tie materials and methods used In their construction. Both documentary evidence and field work are used to establish and record the location of sites and the layout of buildings on the few sites with visable remains. In addition, their use and organization are examined in an attempt to show their influence on the monastery and local communities. Finally, the Bursar's manors are briefly compared with manorial buildings elsewhere in the country in order to place them in a wider context

Resistance and adaptation to criminal identity: using secondary analysis to evaluate classic studies of crime and deviance

'Qualitative Daten bieten reichhaltige Einsichten in die soziale Welt, sei es in alleiniger Anwendung oder im Tandem mit statistischer Analyse. Allerdings ist die Erhebung und Auswertung qualitativer Daten mit hohen Kosten verbunden. Ferner ist allgemein bekannt, dass nur ein Teil der so aufwändig erhobenen Daten letztlich Gegenstand der Auswertung und Veröffentlichung wird. Die Sekundäranalyse ist in der quantitativen Forschung bereits eine gut etablierte Methode und gewinnt auch für die Anwendung auf qualitative Daten an Wertschätzung. Eine besondere Rolle spielt sie im Zusammenhang mit Forschung zu sensiblen Themen und/oder schwer zugänglichen Populationen, wie in dem vorliegenden Beispiel erläutert wird. Dieser Artikel leistet einen Beitrag zur Diskussion des Potenzials und der Grenzen der Sekundäranalyse qualitativer Daten, indem er die Ergebnisse einer Sekundäranalyse einer klassischen Studie zur Soziologie des Gefängnislebens - Cohen und Taylors Forschung zu Langzeit-Inhaftierung von Männern in Hochsicherheitsverwahrung - berichtet. Auf der Grundlage der Nutzung archivierter Daten der Originalstudie betrachtet der Beitrag Cohen und Taylors Originalanalyse erneut und zeigt Unterstützung für eine alternative Konzeptionalisierung. Unter den diskutierten methodologischen Aspekten befinden sich die Wiederherstellung des Kontextes der originären Feldarbeit sowie die Rolle der Sekundäranalyse innerhalb eines kumulativen Ansatzes von Wissensproduktion.' (Autorenreferat)'Qualitative data offer rich insights into the social world, whether alone or in tandem with statistical analysis. However, qualitative data are costly to collect and analyse. Moreover, it is a commonplace that only a portion of the data so labouriously collected is the subject of final analysis and publication. Secondary analysis is a well-established method in quantitative research and is raising its profile in application to qualitative data. It has a particular part to play when research is on sensitive topics and/or hard-to-reach populations, as in the example considered here. This article contributes to discussion of the potential and constraints of secondary analysis of qualitative data by reporting the outcome of the secondary analysis of a key study in the sociology of prison life, Cohen and Taylor's research on the long-term imprisonment of men in maximum security. The article re-visits Cohen and Taylor's original analysis and demonstrates support for an alternative, if complementary, conceptualisation, using archived data from the original study. Among the methodological issues discussed are the recovery of the context of the original fieldwork and the role of secondary analysis in an incremental approach to knowledge production.' (author's abstract)

Bosnia, War Crimes, and Humanitarian Intervention

This presentation examines the history of the laws of war and the effort made through international law to prevent war crimes and to punish those responsible for war crimes. It specifically looks as the Statute of the International Tribunal as a method in establishing the meaning of the crimes. It then evaluates the United States\u27 policy of war crimes as applied in Bosnia and how it has affected its relations with NATO and the UN

Fish and benthos communities in regenerated dock systems on Merseyside.

Restored docks have high amenity, tourism and recreational value. Polluted and unaestheticw ater is a major factor potentially inhibiting redevelopmento f docklands, particularly if the source of water suffers from severe pollution problems. The aims were to examine spatial and temporal patterns of hydrography and ecology of Merseyside Docks. Strategies to develop benthic filter-feeders on both the walls and in the sediments were considered important in maintaining good water quality. In the South Docks, algal blooms were mainly small and short-lived and anoxia was infrequent. In Princes Dock (Central chain) water quality was very good. Morpeth Dock (Wirral chain) suffered from poor water quality. Anoxia resulted in high mortalities of dock fauna and fish and the release of hydrogen sulphide gas. Algal blooms were very large and were maintained over long periods. The dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum minimum, was particularly prevalent. Zooplankton have remained at relatively low densities in the South Docks, particularly in Albert Dock (South chain), probably because of strong competition for food with benthic filter-feeders. In contrast, Morpeth Dock has maintained much higher numbers, probably because of the plentiful food supply and absence of benthos. The benthos of the walls was surveyed. Mytilus edulis is most prominent in Albert and Queens Docks; Ciona intestinalis and Ascidiella aspera are most abundant in Albert and Princes Docks; and, Molgula manhattensis dominant in Brunswick and QueensD ocks. Tiles have been used to follow the pattern of annual successiona nd the effect of timing of available space on this pattern of succession. In contrast to previous years when there had been very little recruitment of Mytilus to the South Docks, Mytilus settlement occurred in Queens Dock during autumn 1995. Experiments aimed at increasing the filter-feeding capacity by introducing Cerastodermae dule (common cockle) and manipulating particle size of the sediment concluded that cockles do not survive in the dock, probably due to occasional low oxygenc on centrations in the hypolimnion, and modification of sediment has very little effect on natural colonization. Experiments examined the impact of filter-feeders on phytoplankton numbers and regeneration of nutrients. Mytilus was shown to have higher clearancer ates( cell mV h' int) than its major competitors( Ciona intestinalis, Styela plicata) on the dock wall. The experiment investigating nutrient release by Mytilus indicates release of phosphate. Fish communities in the South Docks were relatively diverse, with a total of fifteen species of fish being caught. The size/frequency analyses suggest that the majority of fish were juveniles. The occurrence of two sea trout (Salmo trutta) indicates a return of salmonids to the estuary. The use of a capacity model as a management tool is proposed; this has been fitted to the South Docks system with some success

Prevalence and causes of prescribing errors: the prescribing outcomes for trainee doctors engaged in clinical training (PROTECT) study

Objectives Study objectives were to investigate the prevalence and causes of prescribing errors amongst foundation doctors (i.e. junior doctors in their first (F1) or second (F2) year of post-graduate training), describe their knowledge and experience of prescribing errors, and explore their self-efficacy (i.e. confidence) in prescribing. Method A three-part mixed-methods design was used, comprising: prospective observational study; semi-structured interviews and cross-sectional survey. All doctors prescribing in eight purposively selected hospitals in Scotland participated. All foundation doctors throughout Scotland participated in the survey. The number of prescribing errors per patient, doctor, ward and hospital, perceived causes of errors and a measure of doctors' self-efficacy were established. Results 4710 patient charts and 44,726 prescribed medicines were reviewed. There were 3364 errors, affecting 1700 (36.1%) charts (overall error rate: 7.5%; F1:7.4%; F2:8.6%; consultants:6.3%). Higher error rates were associated with : teaching hospitals (p&#60;0.001), surgical (p = &#60;0.001) or mixed wards (0.008) rather thanmedical ward, higher patient turnover wards (p&#60;0.001), a greater number of prescribed medicines (p&#60;0.001) and the months December and June (p&#60;0.001). One hundred errors were discussed in 40 interviews. Error causation was multi-factorial; work environment and team factors were particularly noted. Of 548 completed questionnaires (national response rate of 35.4%), 508 (92.7% of respondents) reported errors, most of which (328 (64.6%) did not reach the patient. Pressure from other staff, workload and interruptions were cited as the main causes of errors. Foundation year 2 doctors reported greater confidence than year 1 doctors in deciding the most appropriate medication regimen. Conclusions Prescribing errors are frequent and of complex causation. Foundation doctors made more errors than other doctors, but undertook the majority of prescribing, making them a key target for intervention. Contributing causes included work environment, team, task, individual and patient factors. Further work is needed to develop and assess interventions that address these.</p

Accessing elite nurses for research: reflections on the theoretical and practical issues of telephone interviewing

Elite groups are interesting as they frequently are powerful (in terms of position, knowledge and influence) and enjoy considerable authority. It is important, therefore, to involve them in research concerned with understanding social contexts and processes. This is particularly pertinent in healthcare, where considerable strategic development and change are features of everyday practice that may be guided or perceived as being guided, by elites. This paper evolved from a study investigating the availability and role of nurses whose remit involved leading nursing research and development within acute NHS Trusts in two health regions in Southern England. The study design included telephone interviews with Directors of Nursing Services during which time the researchers engaged in a reflective analysis of their experiences of conducting research with an `elite' group. Important issues identified were the role of gatekeepers, engagement with elites and the use of the telephone interview method in this context. The paper examines these issues and makes a case for involving executive nurses in further research. The paper also offers strategies to help researchers design and implement telephone interview studies successfully to maximise access to the views and experiences of `hard to reach groups', such as elites, while minimising the associated disruption

Using Science to Create a Better Place: Addressing Environmental Inequalities: Flood Risk. Science Report: SC020061/SR1

Addressing environmental inequalities is a major theme of the UK Sustainable Development Strategy and one of the three principles of the Environment Agency’s social policy. Understanding more about the inequalities which arise in exposure to flood risk and in the experience of flood events, and developing ways of addressing these inequalities, are important in managing the risk of flooding to people and communities. Aims of the project The main aims of this Environment Agency science project were to: • help the Environment Agency understand the social impacts of flooding and the policy context for addressing them; • examine how flood risk is distributed in relation to patterns of social deprivation in England; • recommend the most effective ways of addressing inequalities in relation to flooding. Methodology A review of the literature on the social impacts of flooding and policy measures relevant to flood risk and environmental inequalities was undertaken. This was supported by a two-day interactive workshop held with stakeholders from within and outside the Environment Agency to discuss the social impacts of flooding. Finally, a GIS-based data analysis using the Environment Agency’s Flood Map 2004 was carried out to examine the deprivation characteristics of populations living within and outside the delineated risk areas in England and the English regions

Applying the Coulomb Failure Function with an optimally oriented plane to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake triggering

The Coulomb failure function (CFF) quantitatively describes static stress changes in secondary faults near the source fault of an earthquake. CFF can be employed to monitor how static stress transfers and then shed some light on the probability of successive events occurring around a source fault. In this paper we focus on the CFF and particularly on optimally oriented planes. We present a unified model to determine an optimally oriented plane and its corresponding Coulomb stress, then apply the model to the 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam (Iran) earthquake and the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake, thereby checking its effectiveness. Our results show that spatial correlation between positive Coulomb stress changes and aftershocks are, for the 2003 Bam earthquake, 47.06% when elastic Coulomb stress changes are resolved on uniform planes and 87.53% when these are resolved on optimally oriented planes at depth; for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake the correlations are 45.68% and 58.20%, respectively. It is recommended that account be taken of optimally oriented planes when drawing a Coulomb stress map for analyzing earthquake triggering effects

Evidence for the Use of Triage, Respiratory Isolation, and Effective Treatment to Reduce the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review.

Evidence is limited for infection prevention and control (IPC) measures reducing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission in health facilities. This systematic review, 1 of 7 commissioned by the World Health Organization to inform the 2019 update of global tuberculosis (TB) IPC guidelines, asked: do triage and/or isolation and/or effective treatment of TB disease reduce MTB transmission in healthcare settings? Of 25 included articles, 19 reported latent TB infection (LTBI) incidence in healthcare workers (HCWs; absolute risk reductions 1%-21%); 5 reported TB disease incidence in HCWs (no/slight [high TB burden] or moderate [low burden] reduction) and 2 in human immunodeficiency virus-positive in-patients (6%-29% reduction). In total, 23/25 studies implemented multiple IPC measures; effects of individual measures could not be disaggregated. Packages of IPC measures appeared to reduce MTB transmission, but evidence for effectiveness of triage, isolation, or effective treatment, alone or in combination, was indirect and low quality. Harmonizing study designs and reporting frameworks will permit formal data syntheses and facilitate policy making

Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates amongst female Cambodian, Somali, and Vietnamese immigrants in the USA

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Minority women, particularly immigrants, have lower cancer screening rates than Caucasian women, but little else is known about cancer screening among immigrant women. Our objective was to assess breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates among immigrant women from Cambodia, Somalia, and Vietnam and explore screening barriers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We measured screening rates by systematic chart review (N = 100) and qualitatively explored screening barriers via face-to-face questionnaire (N = 15) of women aged 50–75 from Cambodia, Somalia, and Vietnam attending a general medicine clinic (Portland, Maine, USA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>Chart Review </it>– Somali women were at higher risk of being unscreened for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer compared with Cambodian and Vietnamese women. A longer period of US residency was associated with being screened for colorectal cancer. We observed a 7% (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.01) increase in the odds that a woman would undergo a fecal occult blood test for each additional year in the US, and a 39% increase in the odds of a woman being screened by colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy for every five years of additional US residence (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.21–1.61, p = 0.02). We did not observe statistically significant relationships between odds of being screened by mammography, clinical breast exam or papanicolaou test according to years in the US. <it>Questionnaire </it>– We identified several barriers to breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening, including discomfort with exams conducted by male physicians.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Somali women were less likely to be screened for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer than Cambodian and Vietnamese women in this population, and uptake of colorectal cancer screening is associated with years of residency in this country. Future efforts to improve equity in cancer screening among immigrants may require both provider and community education.</p