Design of the Weighing System for Pilot Pyrolysis Unit for Processing Organic Fuels

Import 02/11/2016Diplomová práce se zabývá volbou a realizací vhodné metody měření hmotnostního úbytku na pilotní pyrolýzní jednotce umístěné v Ostravě Vítkovicích (TCO). V úvodu se věnuje problematice termogravimetrických vlastnosti pyrolyzovaného materiálu. Práce obsahuje popis pyrolýzy a termogravimetrie, seznámením s pilotní jednotkou a možnostmi realizace měření hmotnostního úbytku. Při volbě vhodného systému měření se práce zaměřuje především na: přesnost, opakovatelnost, jednoduchost implementace do stávajícího zařízení a náklady na realizaci úprav. Závěr je věnován možnostmi využití jednotky do budoucna.Master thesis revolves around choosing and executing the right method of measuring the weight loss at the pyrolisis unit situated in Ostrava Vitkovice (TCO). In the preamble it is focused on thermogravimetric properties of pyrolised material. Thesis contains thermogravimetry and pyrolisis description, familiarising with pilot unit and weight loss measuring possibilities. Issue of choosing the right measuring system is mainly directed to accuracy, repeatability, implementation to the current mechanism and modifications realisation costs. The conclusion involves future possibilities of using the unit.361 - Katedra energetikyvýborn

Develop a Proposed Solution for Cleaning of Heat Transfer Surfaces in Boilers for Combustion of Biomass

Import 05/08/2014KIELAR, J. Vypracujte návrh řešení čištění teplosměnných ploch u kotlů na spalování biomasy: bakalářská práce. Ostrava: VŠB – Technická univerzita Ostrava, Fakulta strojní, Katedra energetiky, 2014, 43 s. Vedoucí práce: doc. Dr. Ing. Bohumír Čech. Bakalářská práce se zabývá vznikem nánosů na teplosměnných plochách kotlů spalující biomasu, možnostmi jak předejít jejich vzniku a jak je odstranit. V úvodu jsou uvedeny důvody, proč je nutné odstraňovat nánosy z teplosměnných ploch a jaké jsou výhody využívání biomasy k výrobě tepla a elektrické energie. V České republice se biomasa většinou spaluje v kotlích na fosilní paliva. Z důvodů rozdílných vlastností popeloviny z biomasy a popeloviny z fosilních paliv je nutné zvolit odlišný způsob odstraňování nánosů, nebo dotovat palivo látkami zvyšující teplotu měknutí popeloviny. Nejvhodnější řešení se zdá být kombinace vodního ostřikovače ve spalovací komoře, kuličkového deště na dodatkových plochách a dotování látkami zvyšující teplotu měknutí popeloviny.KIELAR, J. Develop a Proposed Solution for Cleaning of Heat Transfer Surfaces in Boilers for Combustion of Biomass: Bachelor Thesis. Ostrava: VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Energy, 2014, 43 p. Thesis head: doc. Dr. Ing. Bohumír Čech. The Bachelor Thesis deals with the formation (creation) of deposits on heat transfer surfaces of boilers burning biomass, it deals with options to prevent their occurence and options of their removal. In the introduction there are reasons why it is necessary to remove deposits from heat transfer surfaces and what are the benefits of using biomass for production of heat and electricity. In the Czech Republic, the biomass is usually burned in boilers for fossil fuels. Because of the different characteristics of ash from biomass and ash from fossil fuels it is necessary to choose a different method of deposit removal, or subsidize fuel substances increasing the softening point of the ash. The best solution appears to be a combination of the wash in the combustion chamber, a ball like rain on additional areas and subsidizing with substances increasing the softening temperature of the ash.361 - Katedra energetikyvýborn

Influence of the use of permanent catalytic systems on the flue gases emission from biomass low-power boilers

The paper presents the research results on the use of permanent catalytic systems applied to the surface of a low-power boiler deflector. The tests were carried out on a standard 15 kW retort boiler. The boiler was powered by three types of biomass pellets (wood pellets, wheat straw pellets, and hemp expeller). In the research cycle, the influence of the catalysts on the emission of individual compounds, CO, NOX, particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) and the influence on the temperature in the combustion chamber were examined. The tests used an exhaust gas analyzer, a dust meter, a two-channel aspirator, and a laboratory gas chromatograph stand with a flame ionization detector. Four catalysts (copper, manganese, titanium, and platinum) were prepared for the analysis. Each catalyst had three variants of the active substance concentration on the ceramic support surface: 17.5 g, 35 g, 52.5 g for CuO, TiO2, MnO2, and, respectively, 0.05 g, 0.1 g, and 0.15 g for platinum. Concerning the deflector surface, this concentration corresponded to 140, 280, and 420 g center dot m(-2) for CuO, TiO2, and MnO2, and 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 g center dot m(-2) for platinum catalysts. All the catalysts used contributed to an increase in the combustion temperature and a reduction in pollutant emissions. The results presented in the paper will allow the implementation of the developed solutions in the industry producing low-power boilers and in already-existing heating installations. The factor that motivates the introduction of changes may be continuously tightening European emission regulations.Web of Science127art. no. 71

Analysis of the effect of Fe2O3 addition in the combustion of a wood-based fuel

A comparative study was carried out of emissions from the catalytic combustion of pellets made from furniture board waste and pellets made from wood mixed with Fe2O3 . The mass content of the Fe2O3 catalyst in the fuel was varied from 0% to 5%, 10%, and 15% in relation to the total dry mass weight of the pellets. The average flame temperature in the boiler was between 730 and 800 ◦C. The effect of the catalyst concentration in the fuel was analysed with respect to the contents of O2, CO2, CO, H2, and NOx in the flue gas and the combustion quality of the pellets in the heating boiler. Changes in the CO2 content and the proportion of unburned combustible components in the combustion residue were assessed. It was established that an increase in the Fe2O3 content of the prepared fuels had a positive effect on reducing NOx, CO, and H2 emissions. However, the proportion of iron oxide in the tested fuel pellets did not significantly influence changes in their combustion quality. A strong effect of the addition of Fe2O3 on the reduction of the average NOx content in the flue gas occurred with the combustion of furniture board fuel, from 51.4 ppm at 0% Fe2O3 to 7.7 ppm for an additive content of 15%. Based on the analysis of the residue in the boiler ash pan, the amount of unburned combustibles relative to their input amounts was found to be 0.09–0.22% for wood pellets and 0.50–0.31% for furniture board waste pellets.Web of Science1521art. no. 774

Large-Scale Phenotyping of an Accurate Genetic Mouse Model of JNCL Identifies Novel Early Pathology Outside the Central Nervous System

Cln3Δex7/8 mice harbor the most common genetic defect causing juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), an autosomal recessive disease involving seizures, visual, motor and cognitive decline, and premature death. Here, to more thoroughly investigate the manifestations of the common JNCL mutation, we performed a broad phenotyping study of Cln3Δex7/8 mice. Homozygous Cln3Δex7/8 mice, congenic on a C57BL/6N background, displayed subtle deficits in sensory and motor tasks at 10–14 weeks of age. Homozygous Cln3Δex7/8 mice also displayed electroretinographic changes reflecting cone function deficits past 5 months of age and a progressive decline of retinal post-receptoral function. Metabolic analysis revealed increases in rectal body temperature and minimum oxygen consumption in 12–13 week old homozygous Cln3Δex7/8mice, which were also seen to a lesser extent in heterozygous Cln3Δex7/8 mice. Heart weight was slightly increased at 20 weeks of age, but no significant differences were observed in cardiac function in young adults. In a comprehensive blood analysis at 15–16 weeks of age, serum ferritin concentrations, mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells (MCV), and reticulocyte counts were reproducibly increased in homozygous Cln3Δex7/8 mice, and male homozygotes had a relative T-cell deficiency, suggesting alterations in hematopoiesis. Finally, consistent with findings in JNCL patients, vacuolated peripheral blood lymphocytes were observed in homozygous Cln3Δex7/8 neonates, and to a greater extent in older animals. Early onset, severe vacuolation in clear cells of the epididymis of male homozygous Cln3Δex7/8 mice was also observed. These data highlight additional organ systems in which to study CLN3 function, and early phenotypes have been established in homozygous Cln3Δex7/8 mice that merit further study for JNCL biomarker development

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

GENUSPÅVERKAN I SPRÅKUNDERVISNING Språklärares syn på elevers prestationer i skolan utifrån ett genusperspektiv

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och bidra med kunskap om språklärares syn på betydelse av genus för undervisning, lärande och bedömning i skolan. Teori: I examensarbetet används några centrala teorier om språkundervisning och språkinlärning samt teorier om genus i skolan, nämligen biologiska förklaringar, socialpsykologiska förklaringar, teori om feminiserade skolan, teorier om maskulinitet och femininet. Metod: Kvalitativa metoder har använts för att samla information via en halvstrukturerad livsvärldsintervju och kvalitativa metoder har använts även för kvalitativ bearbetning av material, t ex att skapa mening ad hoc. Kvantitativa metoder bildar en mindre del av de använda metoderna. De kvantitativa metoderna har använts när författarna har bearbetat statistik och register. Resultat: Resultaten synliggör att de intervjuade lärarna är medvetna om betydelsen av genus för undervisning och bedömning i skolan. Lärarna uppfattar att genus är en viktig del av deras professionella identitet samt lärarroll och de använder olika strategier för att motverka förförståelse som är kopplat till elevers genus. Däremot upplever inte lärarna att särskilda undervisningsmetoder i just språkundervisning gynnar pojkar respektive flickor

Use of the pyrolysis products for energy purposes.

Předkládaná disertační práce se zabývá čištěním pyrolýzního plynu z jednotky PYROMATIC 250 pro jeho následné energetické využití v již navržené absorpční protiproudé náplňové koloně. Konkrétně se zaměřuje na stanovení množství znečišťujících látek ve vystupujícím plynu z technologie čištění plynu pomocí matematického modelu v závislosti na procesních parametrech. Plyn vystupující z pyrolýzní jednotky obsahuje značné množství znečišťujících látek. Na základě rešerše byly vybrány tři empirické matematické modely. Vhodnost zvolených modelů byla následně ověřena na validačním modelu. Během těchto měření bylo zjištěno, že technologie čištění plynu není schopna zpracovat takový průtok plynu, jaký udává výrobce. Z tohoto důvodu byla všechna měření realizována při nižších průtocích. Na základě provedených měření byl vybrán model Sherwood and Holloway. Další krok byl ověření modelu při reálných podmínkách. Během těchto měření bylo sledováno množství a složení znečišťujících látek v plynu na vstupní straně do technologie čištění. Na výstupní straně bylo stanoveno množství znečišťujících látek pouze gravimetricky, jelikož nelze určit složení a množství jednotlivých složek z důvodu jejich nízké koncentrace. Nízké koncentrace korelují i s vybraným matematickým modelem pro všechny látky. Jedinou látkou, pro kterou tento model zcela neplatí, je voda. Pro stanovení koncentrace vody v pyrolýzním plynu byla stanovena regresní rovnice na základě provedených měření s technologií čištění plynu při různých průtocích obou médií a při různých teplotách. Navržená regresní rovnice odpovídá naměřeným datům. Při provozu byly odhaleny některé nedostatky této technologie čištění, které ovlivnily nemožnost čistit větší průtok plynu. Proto byla navržena některá opatření, která bylo možné realizovat na současném zařízení bez větších zásahů do stávající konstrukce. Tím nejdůležitějším je změna náplně za vhodnější. Posledním bodem této práce je zpracování znečištěné vody, která vzniká při provozu technologie a může být buď likvidována anebo regenerována v desorbéru. Během provozu technologie byla vyprodukovaná voda likvidována v ČOV.The submitted dissertation deals with the purification of pyrolysis gas from the PYROMATIC 250 unit for its subsequent energy recovery in the already designed absorption counter-current charging column. Specifically, it focuses on the determination of the amount of pollutants in the outgoing gas from the gas cleaning technology using a mathematical model depending on the process parameters. The gas exiting the pyrolysis unit contains a significant amount of pollutants. Three empirical mathematical models have been selected based on the research. The suitability of the selected models was then verified on a validation model. During these measurements, it was found that the gas cleaning technology is not able to handle the gas flow rate specified by the manufacturer. For this reason, all measurements were carried out at lower flow rates. Based on the measurements made, the Sherwood and Holloway model was selected. The next step was to verify the model under realistic conditions. During these measurements, the amount and composition of pollutants in the gas at the inlet side of the treatment technology was monitored. On the outlet side, the amount of pollutants was determined only gravimetrically, since the composition and amount of each component could not be determined due to their low concentration. The low concentrations correlate well with the selected mathematical model for all pollutants. The only pollutant for which this model is not completely valid is water. To determine the concentration of water in the pyrolysis gas, a regression equation was established based on measurements made with the gas cleaning technology at different flow rates of both media and at different temperatures. The proposed regression equation fits the measured data. During operation, some shortcomings of this cleaning technology were revealed, which affected the inability to clean higher gas flow rates. Therefore, some measures were proposed that could be implemented on the current plant without major interventions on the existing design. The most important one is the change of the filling to a more suitable one. The last point of this work is the treatment of the polluted water, which is generated during the operation of the technology and can be either disposed of or regenerated in a desorber. During the operation of the technology, the produced water was disposed of in the WWTP.361 - Katedra energetikyvyhově

Quality assessment of gas produced from different types of biomass pellets in gasification process

Gas from the gasification of pellets made from renewable sources of energy or from lower-quality fuels often contains a number of pollutants. This may cause technical difficulties during the gas use in internal combustion gas engines used for energy and heat cogeneration. Therefore, an adequate system of gas cleaning must be selected. In line with such requirements, this paper focuses on the characterization and comparison of gases produced from different types of biomass during gasification. The biomass tested was wood, straw, and hay pellets. The paper gives a detailed description and evaluation of the measurements from a fix-bed gasifier for the properties of the produced gases, raw fuels, tar composition, and its particle content before and after the cleaning process. The results of elemental composition, net calorific value, moisture, and ash content show that the cleaned gases are suitable for internal combustion engine-based cogeneration systems, but unsuitable for gas turbines, where a different cleaning technology would be needed.Web of Scienceart. no. UNSP 014459871987527