The Political Economy of Strategic Environmental Policy When Waste Products are Tradable

In this paper we explore the implications of the possibility of “trade in trash†on optimal environmental policy and on the ramifications of a stronger or weaker environmental lobby across regions or nations. We have constructed a multiple stage game composed of a market stage and a policy stage. Waste might be exported to some less developed countries to get rid of any damages linked to waste treatment and disposal. Waste markets are imperfect where waste exporters exploit market power. We find that environmentalists do not necessarily succeed in pushing stricter environmental policy nor do industrialists in pushing weaker due to the fact that lobbying may be offset by terms of trade effects. As it happens, even stronger environmental sentiment in all nations need not lead to increased protection of the environment globallyTrade and The Environment, Strategic Environmental Policy, International Trade in Waste Products, Lobbying

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Egypt

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Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Egypt

Distorted incentives, agricultural and trade policy reforms, national agricultural development, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, F13, F14, Q17, Q18,

When and why do domestic respondents oppose AD petitions?

In the evolving global trade environment where traditional forms of protection have been falling as a result of multilateral trade agreements such as the Uruguay Round and NAFTA, antidumping policy has quickly become the protective policy instrument of choice. In the United States, there is evidence that domestic non-filing firms do not always support dumping investigations. In the absence of information asymmetries, domestic fims have an unambiguous incentive to support petitions filed by other domestic producers. We argue that in cases where the respondent is not a significant importer or exporter, the most plausible explanation is that non-support acts as a costly signal of private information

Aspects of thermal and chemical equilibration of hadronic matter

We study thermal and chemical equilibration in 'infinite' hadron matter as well as in finite size relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions using a BUU cascade transport model that contains resonance and string degrees-of-freedom. The 'infinite' hadron matter is simulated within a cubic box with periodic boundary conditions. The various equilibration times depend on baryon density and energy density and are much shorter for particles consisting of light quarks then for particles including strangeness. For kaons and antikaons the chemical equilibration time is found to be larger than $\simeq$ 40 fm/c for all baryon and energy densities considered. The inclusion of continuum excitations, i.e. hadron 'strings', leads to a limiting temperature of $T_s\simeq$ 150 MeV. We, furthermore, study the expansion of a hadronic fireball after equilibration. The slope parameters of the particles after expansion increase with their mass; the pions leave the fireball much faster then nucleons and accelerate subsequently heavier hadrons by rescattering ('pion wind'). If the system before expansion is close to the limiting temperature $T_s$, the slope parameters for all particles after expansion practically do not depend on (initial) energy and baryon density. Finally, the equilibration in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collision is considered. Since the reaction time here is much shorter than the equilibration time for strangeness, a chemical equilibrium of strange particles in heavy-ion collisions is not supported by our transport calculations. However, the various particle spectra can approximately be described within the blast model.Comment: 39 pages, LaTeX, including 18 postscript figures, Nucl. Phys. A, in pres

Low energy kaon photoproduction from nuclei

We study $K^+$-meson production in $\gamma{A}$ interaction at energies below the reaction threshold in free space. The Thomas-Fermi and spectral function approaches are used for the calculations of the production process. It is found that the measurement of the differential spectra may allow to reconstruct the production mechanism and to investigate the dispersion relations entering the production vertex. It is shown that the contribution from secondary pion induced reactions to the total kaon photoproduction is negligible for $E_\gamma{<}$1.2 GeV so that strangeness production at low energies is sensitive to the nuclear spectral function.Comment: 20 pages, espcrc1, including 12 figures, to appear in Nucl. Phys.