Wild Edible Plants Used by the Tribes of Panvel and Uran Tahsils in Alibaugh District, India: Ethnobotanical Application and Tribal Recipes

The “Indus-Vedic” cultural heritage of India is well-known. Wild edible plants, sometimes known as weeds, are widely consumed in India’s varied areas. Wild edible plants and weeds are essential for tribes’ survival, both as a source of food and as a source of money, such as timber. This study aims to identify wild vegetables collected for ethnomedical purposes and their recipes by the local people, as well as determine the local uses and names of these plants, with the goal of closing the gap in traditional knowledge regarding the utility of wild plant species and tapping the hidden potential resources for proper utilization, exploitation, and nutritive evaluation. A field research study was conducted two years 2020-2021. 34 wild vegetable plant specimens were collected during this time. The names of the plants found in the area, as well as the parts that were used and how they were prepared, were examined and recorded. This type of extensive survey technique could assist aspiring scientists in learning about the health advantages of wild food plants and weeds, which can subsequently be combined to generate successful crop plants. Such a system will benefit in the mitigation of food shortages, the regeneration of infertile lands, and the enhancement of rural economies

Cyclopentadienyl System: Solving the Secular Determinant, π Energy, Delocalization Energy, Wave Functions, Electron Density and Charge Density

In this study, characteristics of Hückel strategy, were abused so as to acquire some significant outcomes, through a theoretical technique with which it is conceivable to get secular equations, π energy, wave functions, electron density and charge density, as an account of cyclopentadienyl system i.e. C5H5+ (cation), C5H5- (anion), and C5H5. (radical) and permitting the expression of delocalization energy of conjugated cyclopentadienyl ring framework. Here, it was presented the secular determinant of the Hückel technique and applied to cyclopentadienyl system framework so as to communicate their orbital energies of cyclopentadienyl system, also to communicate its electron and charge density in terms of stable configuration of a system. It is settled by the Hückel strategy and applied by the assumptions for nearby comparability such as coulomb integrals, exchange integrals and overlap integrals. This simple way hypothetical strategy will allow to graduate and post graduate understudies to understanding the investigation of stable configuration, electron and charge density and also other parameters

BERGENIA CILIATA: ISOLATION OF ACTIVE FLAVONOIDS, GC-MS ANALYSIS, ADME STUDY AND INHIBITION ACTIVITY OF OXALATE SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES

Objective: Bergenia ciliata (family-Saxifragaceae) is a well-known herb for kidney stone. The main objective of the study was the identification of flavonoids along with ADME profile. Another supportive objective was to check inhibition of enzymes which perform active role in oxalate synthesis. Methods: The hydromethanolic extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction to obtain ethyl acetate and ethyl ether fractions. The chemical structures of the purified compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 12 volatile chemical compounds belonging to hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, etc. were identified and characterized in ethyl acetate fraction through GC-MS analysis Fractions enriched in flavonoids showed glycolate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme inhibition with IC50 value (µg/ml) 65.76 and 69.84 respectively. The kinetic behaviour of the extracts that inhibit the Glycolate oxidase and Lactate dehydrogenase activity was determined by the Lineweaver-Burk plot. The mode of inhibition of the studied plant extract was type of a non-competitive inhibition. ADMET screening of compounds successfully passed all the parameters of screening. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, it was found that Bergenia ciliata (rhizome) may serve as a novel and rich source of therapeutic compounds and it can be further explored for urolithiasis treatment purposes

NOVEL STRATEGY IN CONTROLLED GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY: IN-SITU FLOATING GEL

Attempts are made in research and development of sustained and controlled drug delivery systems to overcome physiological and unpredictable gastric empting time (GET). Such dosage forms are useful for the drugs with ‘narrow therapeutic index'. Formation of gel depends on factors such as temperature, pH, ionic cross linking and UV irradiation, from which drug is released in controlled or sustained manner. In-situ gelling systems is prominent among other novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), due to advantages such as sustained and prolonged drug action, improved patient compliance and reduced frequency of drug administration as compared to conventional drug delivery system. These polymeric formulations are in solution form before administration and then turns to gel form when comes in contact with gastric fluids. Various natural, biodegradable, biocompatible and water soluble polymers such as pectin, gallen gum, chitosan, poly-caprolactone, xyloglucane, poly-D, L-lactic acid, pluronic F 127, carbopol, etc makes this drug delivery most acceptable and useful. In-situ gel is fabricated for both local and systemic drug delivery at specific site of action. Various evaluations are recommended for in-situ gels mostly viscosity, buoyancy, gelling capacity and dissolution studies are performed. This review presents current trends in fabrication, evaluation parameters and importance of various drugs formulated as in-situ gelling system

Disclosing Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase B Essentiality in Trypanosomatids.

Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) belongs to the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, catalysing the inter-conversion of D-ribose-5-phosphate and D-ribulose-5-phosphate. Trypanosomatids encode a type B RPI, whereas humans have a structurally unrelated type A, making RPIB worthy of exploration as a potential drug target. Null mutant generation in Leishmania infantum was only possible when an episomal copy of RPIB gene was provided, and the latter was retained both in vitro and in vivo in the absence of drug pressure. This suggests the gene is essential for parasite survival. Importantly, the inability to remove the second allele of RPIB gene in sKO mutants complemented with an episomal copy of RPIB carrying a mutation that abolishes isomerase activity suggests the essentiality is due to its metabolic function. In vitro, sKO promastigotes exhibited no defect in growth, metacyclogenesis or macrophage infection, however, an impairment in intracellular amastigotes' replication was observed. Additionally, mice infected with sKO mutants rescued by RPIB complementation had a reduced parasite burden in the liver. Likewise, Trypanosoma brucei is resistant to complete RPIB gene removal and mice infected with sKO mutants showed prolonged survival upon infection. Taken together our results genetically validate RPIB as a potential drug target in trypanosomatids.We would like to thank Professor Ana Tomás from the Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal, for providing LimTXNPx antibody; Dr. Paul Michels from Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, for providing Tbenolase antibody; Professor Graham Coombs, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, for LmCS antibody; Professor Buddy Ullman, School of Medicine, Oregan Health and Science University, USA, for LdHGPRT antibody; Dr. Christine Clayton, Zentrum fur Molekulare Biologie der Universitat Heidelberg, Germany, for TbAldolase antibody. We would also like to thank Professor Jeremy Mottram, University of Glasgow, for pGL345HYG and Professor Marc Ouellette, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, of Laval University, Canada, for pSPαNEOα and pSPαBLASTα. We would also like to thank Dr. Jane MacDougall from Photeomix, France, for proofreading the English of the manuscript. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 602773 (Project KINDRED).’ The COST Action CM1307: Targeted chemotherapy towards diseases caused by endoparasites has also contributed for this work. We would like to acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FTC) for supporting Joana Faria (SFRH/BD/79712/2011) and Inês Loureiro (SFRH/BD/64528/2009). Inês Loureiro was also supported by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (KINDRED-PR300102-BD). JT is an Investigator FCT funded by National funds through FCT and co-funded through European Social Fund within the Human Potential Operating Programme. Nuno Santarem and Pedro Cecílio are supported by fellowships from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreements No. 602773 (Project KINDRED) and No. 603181 (Project MuLeVaClin), respectively

"Antifungal Activity of Various Extracts of Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Against Different Aspergillus Species"

Blumea lacera of Asteraceae is widely distributed in India. It has anthelminitic, parasiticidal and insecticidal property. It is also used as analgesic, diuretic and diaphoretic. Aspergillus niger causes Aspergillosis. It also causes root diseases in fruits and spoils bread, jams and pickles etc. A. flavus and A. parasiticus produce mycotoxins, which is detrimental to human beings.Aflatoxin is demonstrated to be carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and imunosupperesive. Ethanol, methanol and distilled water hot extracts of leaves were investigated for their antifungal activity. The growth inhibition was determined using food poisoning method against different Aspergillus species. Over all, ethanolic extract of leaves showed more antifungal activity than methnolic and distilled water extract. A. parasiticus was more sensitive followed by A. niger, whereas A. flavus was resistant to ethanolic extract. A. niger was more sensitive to methonolic extract followed by A. parasiticus and A. flavus. A. parasiticus was resistant, whereas all other selected Aspergillus species were sensitive to distilled water extract. Standard antifungal agent was more active than all extracts tried