FASN-dependent de novo lipogenesis is required for brain development

Fate and behavior of neural progenitor cells are tightly regulated during mammalian brain development. Metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, that are required for supplying energy and providing molecular building blocks to generate cells govern progenitor function. However, the role of de novo lipogenesis, which is the conversion of glucose into fatty acids through the multienzyme protein fatty acid synthase (FASN), for brain development remains unknown. Using Emx1Cre-mediated, tissue-specific deletion of Fasn in the mouse embryonic telencephalon, we show that loss of FASN causes severe microcephaly, largely due to altered polarity of apical, radial glia progenitors and reduced progenitor proliferation. Furthermore, genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of FASN in human embryonic stem cell-derived forebrain organoids identifies a conserved role of FASN-dependent lipogenesis for radial glia cell polarity in human brain organoids. Thus, our data establish a role of de novo lipogenesis for mouse and human brain development and identify a link between progenitor-cell polarity and lipid metabolism

Long-term self-renewing stem cells in the adult mouse hippocampus identified by intravital imaging.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neurons throughout life in the mammalian hippocampus. However, the potential for long-term self-renewal of individual NSCs within the adult brain remains unclear. We used two-photon microscopy and followed NSCs that were genetically labeled through conditional recombination driven by the regulatory elements of the stem cell-expressed genes GLI family zinc finger 1 (Gli1) or achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1). Through intravital imaging of NSCs and their progeny, we identify a population of Gli1-targeted NSCs showing long-term self-renewal in the adult hippocampus. In contrast, once activated, Ascl1-targeted NSCs undergo limited proliferative activity before they become exhausted. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that Gli1- and Ascl1-targeted cells have highly similar yet distinct transcriptional profiles, supporting the existence of heterogeneous NSC populations with diverse behavioral properties. Thus, we here identify long-term self-renewing NSCs that contribute to the generation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus.Wellcome Trus

Common variation near CDKN1A, POLD3 and SHROOM2 influences colorectal cancer risk

We performed a meta-analysis of five genome-wide association studies to identify common variants influencing colorectal cancer (CRC) risk comprising 8,682 cases and 9,649 controls. Replication analysis was performed in case-control sets totaling 21,096 cases and 19,555 controls. We identified three new CRC risk loci at 6p21 (rs1321311, near CDKN1A; P = 1.14 × 10(-10)), 11q13.4 (rs3824999, intronic to POLD3; P = 3.65 × 10(-10)) and Xp22.2 (rs5934683, near SHROOM2; P = 7.30 × 10(-10)) This brings the number of independent loci associated with CRC risk to 20 and provides further insight into the genetic architecture of inherited susceptibility to CRC.Swedish Research Council et al.Manuscrip

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Multiple Common Susceptibility Variants near BMP Pathway Loci GREM1, BMP4, and BMP2 Explain Part of the Missing Heritability of Colorectal Cancer

Peer reviewe

Acquisition des fonctions effectrices des cellules Natural Killer

Les cellules Natural Killer (NK) sont des lymphocytes du système immunitaire inné capables de tuer des cellules cibles et de produire des cytokines telles que l'interféron-γ. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, j'ai utilisé des approches de génétique directe et inverse dans le but d'étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation des capacités effectrices des cellules NK. La tolérance des cellules NK au soi est en partie assurée par les récepteurs inhibiteurs de surface qui sont spécifiques des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe I (CMH-I) exprimées par les cellules du soi. Cependant, des cellules NK qui ne sont pas capables de détecter l'expression du CMH-I ne sont pas autoréactives. Dans la première partie de ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché à déterminer, chez la souris, les mécanismes de la tolérance NK, indépendante de la reconnaissance du CMH-I, qui est associée à une hyporeactivité des cellules NK. En utilisant des techniques de spectrométrie de fluorescence par corrélation à spot variable (svFCS), nous avons montré que dans les cellules NK hyporéactives les récepteurs activateurs et inhibiteurs sont confinés à la membrane plasmique par des réseaux structurés d'actine. A l'inverse, la reconnaissance par les cellules NK du CMH-I, qui « éduque » les cellules NK pour qu'elles acquièrent leurs capacités effectrices maximales, est associée une relocalisation des récepteurs activateurs au sein de nanodomaines. Ces résultats suggèrent que ce serait le confinement particulier des récepteurs activateurs à la membrane des cellules NK qui assure la tolérance au soi.Natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow-derived innate immune lymphocytes able to kill cellular targets and secrete cytokines such as interferon-γ. During my PhD work, I used reverse and forward genetic approaches to dissect the mechanisms involved in the regulation of NK cell effector capabilities at steady state. NK cell tolerance to self is partly ensured by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC- I)-specific inhibitory receptors on NK cells, which detect MHC-I expression on self-cells and prevent NK cell activation. However, NK cells that do not detect self MHC-I are not autoreactive. In the first part of this PhD work, we sought to determine the mechanism at the basis of this MHC-I independent NK cell tolerance. Using spot variation fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (svFCS), we showed that MHC-I-independent NK cell tolerance in mice was associated with the presence of hyporesponsive NK cells in which both activating and inhibitory receptors were confined in an actin meshwork at the plasma membrane. In contrast, the recognition of self MHC-I by inhibitory receptors "educated" NK cells to become fully reactive, and activating NK cell receptors became dynamically compartmentalized in membrane nanodomains. We thus propose that the confinement of activating receptors at the plasma membrane is essential to ensuring self-tolerance of NK cells

Natural killer cell tolerance: control by self or self-control?

International audienceA major challenge for the immune system is to control pathogens and stressed cells, such as infected or tumors cells, while sparing healthy self-cells. To achieve this tolerance to self, immune cells must recognize and differentiate "self" versus "nonself" and "self" versus "altered self." In the absence of self-tolerance, cells of the adaptive immune system attack healthy cells and cause autoimmune diseases such as lupus, psoriasis, and type I diabetes. Mechanisms at work to ensure tolerance in the innate immune system are still poorly understood. Natural killer cells are innate immune lymphocytes, which have the capacity to kill cellular targets and produce cytokines without prior specific sensitization. Because of these intrinsic effector capacities, tolerance mechanisms must exist to prevent autoreactivity. Herein, we will review the present knowledge on NK cell tolerance

Etude physique de l'action des oxydants sur le noir de carbone

L'étude de noirs de carbone oxydés à l'acide nitrique est faite par microscopie électronique, adsorption d'azote aux basses températures et spectroscopie infrarouge. On montre que l'attaque oxydante commence par diminuer le diamètre des particules en même temps que certaines régions sont attaquées plus rapidement que d'autres au point d'entraîner de véritables perforations visibles au microscope électronique.L'analyse infrarouge montre une diminution du coefficient d'extinction au fur et à mesure que l'oxydation progresse, les bandes d'absorption révélant la présence sur les noirs oxydes de fonctions OH et COOH, ce qui confirme les résultats des dosages chimiques