Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection

This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radiation, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the quality of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preservation and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protections and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described

Bank affiliated directors and earnings management: Evidence from India

We examine the governing impact of creditors, i.e. Bank Appointed Directors (BAD), on the earnings management of corporate firms in a context which is characterized by underdeveloped financial institutions, a weak legal (contract) enforcement system and lack of insolvency resolution framework, i.e. India. Unlike the US, where BADs play a limited monitoring role, BADs in India play an active role in firm monitoring and thus have a negative impact on the discretionary accruals. Further, we document that the impact is greater for firms with a greater degree of information asymmetry and the agency problem. These results remain robust even after controlling for potential endogeneity issue

Does Debt Diversification lead to a Discount in Firm Value?

Corporate firms access multiple sources of debt simultaneously. This study analyzes the impact of debt diversification on firm value. We argue that, when firms diversify their debt sources, the monitoring role played by debt holders decreases as a result of the free rider problem. Hence, such firms should experience a value discount in the capital markets. Our empirical analysis provides evidence for the existence of a value discount in the capital markets for firms accessing multiple sources of debt. Our results remain robust for alternative measures of debt diversification

Relacionar la diversidad de género en los altos cargos gerenciales y la innovación: evidencia de siete países de América Latina

La diversidad de género en las organizaciones está atrayendo un grado significativo de atención de múltiples sectores en la región de ALC. Una de las razones de su relevancia es la falta de consenso sobre su verdadero impacto en los indicadores de desempeño organizacional. En el mejor de los casos, hay resultados contradictorios y no concluyentes. Para comprender mejor la relación entre diversidad de género e innovación en ALC, este capítulo presenta un estudio comparativo con datos de la Encuesta de Empresas del Banco Mundial de siete países de América Latina. El capítulo sugiere que la asociación entre la participación de mujeres en puestos gerenciales y el desempeño organizacional en general —y en América Latina y el Caribe en particular— sigue siendo un tema de diversidad e inclusión que requiere más investigación.Gender Diversity in organizations is attracting a significant degree of attention from multiple sectors in the LAC region. One of the reasons for its relevance is the lack of consensus about its true impact on organizational performance indicators. At best, there are conflicting and inconclusive results. In order to better understand the relationship between gender diversity and innovation in LAC, this chapter presents a comparative study with data of the World Bank Enterprise Survey from seven Latin American countries. The chapter suggests that the association between the participation of women in management positions and organizational performance in general—and in Latin America and the Caribbean in particular—remains a topic of diversity and inclusion that requires further research