La Derrama Magisterial y sus problemas de agencia

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objeto de estudio a la Derrama Magisterial, como una organización de seguridad social, previsional de tipo mutual y complementaria a los regímenes de pensiones existentes, que reúne a todos los maestros que laboran para el Estado. Los objetivos planteados fueron: i) Determinar si los controles de gobierno corporativo en la Derrama Magisterial son eficientes o se requieren cambios para minimizar los problemas de agencia, ii) Evaluar la intervención de los sindicatos en la elección y desempeño de integrantes del directorio de la Derrama Magisterial y determinar si es un eficiente mecanismo de control y iii) Desarrollar mecanismos de control para reducir los problemas de agencia. Se ha utilizado a la Teoría de Agencia, para la descripción de las características institucionales desde la creación de la Derrama Magisterial en el año 1966 con la promulgación del Decreto Supremo Nro. 078- ED hasta la actualidad. Se ha dividido el estudio de la institución en dos etapas, determinadas por la vigencia de la Resolución Suprema Nro. 860-ED que rigió a la Derrama Magisterial durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 1970 a 1988 y el Decreto Supremo Nro. 021-88-ED, cuya vigencia se inicia en el año 1988 a la fecha. Esto ha permitido identificar los problemas de agencia durante el desarrollo institucional. Identificados los problemas de agencia existentes en la Derrama Magisterial, se procedió a evaluar la aplicación de las normas de Gobierno Corporativo como una solución a los problemas encontrados. Con la finalidad de mejorar el rendimiento de la institución, se plantean algunas recomendaciones para el fortalecimiento del directorio, control de las gerencias e incrementar la información proporcionada a los docentes. Para el fortalecimiento del directorio se propone la incorporación del director independiente, delimitación de funciones del presidente y secretario, entre otras recomendaciones.This investigation topic has as objective the study of the Derrama Magisterial as an organization of social security, provisional of mutual type and complementary to the existent retirement regimens, that contents all the school teachers that work for the Peruvian State. The proposed objectives were; i) To determine if the Government corporative controls in the Derrama Magisterial are efficient or need to implement changes to minimize some agency problems, ii)To evaluate the Unions intervention in the elections and performance of the Derrama Magisterial members of the Board of Directors and determine if it is an efficient mechanism of control, and iii) To develop mechanisms of control to reduce the agency problem. The Agency Theory had been used for the description of the organizational characteristics since the creation of the Derrama Magisterial in 1966 with the approval of the Supreme Decreed number. 078- ED until now. The study of the institution was divided into two phases determined by the force of the 860-ED Supreme Resolution that ruled the Derrama Magisterial during the 1970 to 1988 period and the Supreme Decreed 021-88-ED, which force starts in 1988 up to date. This has allowed to identify the agency problems during the organizational development. Once identified the Agency Problems of the Derrama Magisterial, the application of the Corporate Government norms were evaluated as a solution to the problems found. With the purpose of improving the performance of the organization, some recommendations were made for the strengthening of the board of directors, for the control of management and the increase of the information given to teachers. To strengthen the board of directors it was proposed to introduce the participation of an independent director, to define the main responsibilities of the president and secretary, between other recommendations.Tesi

La Derrama Magisterial y sus problemas de agencia

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objeto de estudio a la Derrama Magisterial, como una organización de seguridad social, previsional de tipo mutual y complementaria a los regímenes de pensiones existentes, que reúne a todos los maestros que laboran para el Estado. Los objetivos planteados fueron: i) Determinar si los controles de gobierno corporativo en la Derrama Magisterial son eficientes o se requieren cambios para minimizar los problemas de agencia, ii) Evaluar la intervención de los sindicatos en la elección y desempeño de integrantes del directorio de la Derrama Magisterial y determinar si es un eficiente mecanismo de control y iii) Desarrollar mecanismos de control para reducir los problemas de agencia. Se ha utilizado a la Teoría de Agencia, para la descripción de las características institucionales desde la creación de la Derrama Magisterial en el año 1966 con la promulgación del Decreto Supremo Nro. 078- ED hasta la actualidad. Se ha dividido el estudio de la institución en dos etapas, determinadas por la vigencia de la Resolución Suprema Nro. 860-ED que rigió a la Derrama Magisterial durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 1970 a 1988 y el Decreto Supremo Nro. 021-88-ED, cuya vigencia se inicia en el año 1988 a la fecha. Esto ha permitido identificar los problemas de agencia durante el desarrollo institucional. Identificados los problemas de agencia existentes en la Derrama Magisterial, se procedió a evaluar la aplicación de las normas de Gobierno Corporativo como una solución a los problemas encontrados. Con la finalidad de mejorar el rendimiento de la institución, se plantean algunas recomendaciones para el fortalecimiento del directorio, control de las gerencias e incrementar la información proporcionada a los docentes. Para el fortalecimiento del directorio se propone la incorporación del director independiente, delimitación de funciones del presidente y secretario, entre otras recomendaciones.This investigation topic has as objective the study of the Derrama Magisterial as an organization of social security, provisional of mutual type and complementary to the existent retirement regimens, that contents all the school teachers that work for the Peruvian State. The proposed objectives were; i) To determine if the Government corporative controls in the Derrama Magisterial are efficient or need to implement changes to minimize some agency problems, ii)To evaluate the Unions intervention in the elections and performance of the Derrama Magisterial members of the Board of Directors and determine if it is an efficient mechanism of control, and iii) To develop mechanisms of control to reduce the agency problem. The Agency Theory had been used for the description of the organizational characteristics since the creation of the Derrama Magisterial in 1966 with the approval of the Supreme Decreed number. 078- ED until now. The study of the institution was divided into two phases determined by the force of the 860-ED Supreme Resolution that ruled the Derrama Magisterial during the 1970 to 1988 period and the Supreme Decreed 021-88-ED, which force starts in 1988 up to date. This has allowed to identify the agency problems during the organizational development. Once identified the Agency Problems of the Derrama Magisterial, the application of the Corporate Government norms were evaluated as a solution to the problems found. With the purpose of improving the performance of the organization, some recommendations were made for the strengthening of the board of directors, for the control of management and the increase of the information given to teachers. To strengthen the board of directors it was proposed to introduce the participation of an independent director, to define the main responsibilities of the president and secretary, between other recommendations

Plasma homocysteine and the risk of venous thromboembolism: insights from the FIELD study

Background The lipid-lowering effect of fenofibrate is accompanied by a rise in plasma homocysteine, a potential risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). This study investigated the relationship between homocysteine and the risk of VTE in patients treated with fenofibrate. Methods and results The relationship between homocysteine and deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism was investigated in 9522 participants of the 5-year Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial. All subjects received fenofibrate during a 6-week active run-in phase before randomization. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to assess the effect of homocysteine on risk of venous thromboembolic events. During active-drug run-in, homocysteine rose on average by 6.5 μmol/L, accompanied by a substantial rise in plasma creatinine (+12%). Fenofibrate-induced changes in homocysteine and creatinine were fully reversible in the placebo group but persisted in the treatment group until reversing at the end of therapy. During follow-up, 1.8% had at least one episode of deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: 103 on fenofibrate and 68 on placebo (log-rank P=0.006). In multivariate analysis, every 5 µmol/L higher baseline homocysteine was associated with 19% higher risk of VTE. Fenofibrate treatment was associated with 52% higher risk, but the change in homocysteine with fenofibrate was not significantly associated with VTE after adjustment for baseline homocysteine. Conclusions Hyperhomocysteinemia is prospectively associated with VTE. Fenofibrate may predispose individuals with high pretreatment homocysteine towards VTE. The fenofibrate-induced increase in homocysteine did not, however, explain the risk associated with fenofibrate therapy

The frontotemporal dementia mutation R406W blocks tau’s interaction with the membrane in an annexin A2–dependent manner

The R406W mutation prevents tau from functioning as a linker between the membrane and the microtubule cytoskeleton

Social Context for Decision Making: The Presence and Role of Advisors

Decision makers are often accompanied by other people who have the opportunity to act as advisors, creating a social context for their decisions. My project examined how the presence and role of advisors affect the behavior of decision makers, as well as the future behavior of the advisors. Participants played several rounds of a game based on the Monty Hall dilemma. In this game, Players initially chose one of three doors looking for a prize. Next, the computer eliminated one of the non-chosen doors. Finally, the Player chose to stay with the original door, or to switch to the other door. Mathematically, switching is twice as likely to lead to the prize. Players and Advisors completed 50 trials together and 100 trials apart. In Experiment 1, Advisors either gave advice that Players could see (the Seen condition) or they gave advice that was recorded but kept hidden from Players (the Unseen condition). Advisors in this experiment did not see Players' final responses, though they learned which decision was correct. Solo players acted as a baseline. Both Players and Advisors in the Unseen condition (as well as Solo players) outperformed Players and Advisors in the Seen condition (i.e., they switched more frequently). In Experiment 2, I added two conditions and removed the Unseen condition. In the Transparent condition, Players saw Advisors' recommendations and Advisors saw Players' final responses. In the Replay condition, "advisors" watched replay data from previous participants for the first 50 trials. Similar to Experiment 1, Players and Advisors in the Unseen condition (as well as the Solo player and Replay conditions) outperformed the Transparent condition. The disadvantages in the Seen and Transparent advice conditions are likely due to a higher social complexity of the social context—for example, Players may wonder whether their Advisors know something they do not, or Advisors may question why Players ignored their advice. For participants in the Unseen condition, however, this social complexity was lower and performance was better. These results demonstrate that decision makers are sensitive to both the presence and role of advisors, and that advisors are similarly sensitive to their role

An Analysis of Working Memory in Audience Design

Speakers in conversations must often keep track of which referents in the world they share with which conversational partners, and implement this knowledge into utterance plans. Based on past language production research, we expected that working memory would affect this process of audience design. In a referential communication task, speakers provided descriptions of some objects to one partner and other objects to a different partner. We measured whether speakers adjusted their utterances and eye movement patterns when providing descriptions to partners with whom they shared common ground. We also measured individual differences in verbal and spatial working memory. Results indicate that speakers adjusted their utterances and eye movements according to the needs of their particular addressees. However, working memory did not predict the extent to which speakers made such adjustments. We discuss why individual differences in working memory may not affect the type of audience design required by our task

A Deeper Understanding of Metacomprehension: Development of a New Multidimensional Tool

The purpose of this research endeavor was to develop and validate a new measurement tool predicated on previous research to assess learners’ metacomprehension during reading. In two separate studies (N = 923) with Chilean undergraduate students, we demonstrate the versatility and utility of our proposed Metacomprehension Inventory (MI). In Study 1, we provide empirical support for the psychometric soundness and construct validity of the MI. In Study 2, we provide evidence of the measurement invariance of the MI between males and females. Results of Study 1 revealed the hypothesized factor structure of the MI is sound, with high factor loadings, excellent model fit, and moderate-to-strong inter-factor correlations. Study 2 results indicated that the MI is interpreted similarly by both males and females, as factor loadings were largely statistically identical across the two groups. We discuss implications of our proposed MI for theory and applied research