Galactic and Extragalactic Samples of Supernova Remnants: How They Are Identified and What They Tell Us

Supernova remnants (SNRs) arise from the interaction between the ejecta of a supernova (SN) explosion and the surrounding circumstellar and interstellar medium. Some SNRs, mostly nearby SNRs, can be studied in great detail. However, to understand SNRs as a whole, large samples of SNRs must be assembled and studied. Here, we describe the radio, optical, and X-ray techniques which have been used to identify and characterize almost 300 Galactic SNRs and more than 1200 extragalactic SNRs. We then discuss which types of SNRs are being found and which are not. We examine the degree to which the luminosity functions, surface-brightness distributions and multi-wavelength comparisons of the samples can be interpreted to determine the class properties of SNRs and describe efforts to establish the type of SN explosion associated with a SNR. We conclude that in order to better understand the class properties of SNRs, it is more important to study (and obtain additional data on) the SNRs in galaxies with extant samples at multiple wavelength bands than it is to obtain samples of SNRs in other galaxiesComment: Final 2016 draft of a chapter in "Handbook of Supernovae" edited by Athem W. Alsabti and Paul Murdin. Final version available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20794-0_90-

LCA applied to perennial cropping systems: a review focused on the farm stage

International audienc

Together we tango: Value facilitation and customer participation in Airbnb

This study examines the co-creation of customer-perceived value between customers and service providers in the sharing economy setting of Airbnb. Drawing on the service-dominant logic, this study proposes that customer participation and value facilitation by the Airbnb platform and the Airbnb host jointly determine the customer-perceived value, which in turn, affects customer satisfaction with the Airbnb value co-creation process. A two-stage survey was used to collect data via Prolific Academic and the Partial Least Squares method was used to test the hypotheses on 332 valid responses. The results show that customer participation and Airbnb value facilitation have a positive interaction effect on the economic value. Customer participation and host value facilitation have a positive interaction impact on the functional value, emotional value, green value, epistemic value, and ethical value. Furthermore, functional value, economic value, emotional value, social value, and ethical value each have a positive impact on customer satisfaction