Evaluación de la capacidad biocontroladora de cepas nativas de Trichoderma spp sobre Rhizoctonia sp y Fusarium sp en café (Coffea arabica) en condiciones experimentales

Due to the indiscriminate use agrochemicals in conventional agriculture, it is causing pollution problems in theenvironment (soil, air and water), hence the search for alternatives that contribute to agricultural production by agrochemical free sustainable production. This paper studies the biological control of damping off in coffee (Coffeaarabica) by applying antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. Under experimental conditions at laboratory facilities ofthe Academic Unit Carmen Pampa Campesina, a community of Carmen Pampa, Township Coroico.The aim of this study was to biologically control the "damping off", they found two genera that cause damping off inseedbed of coffee: Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp.To determine the percentage of growth and control in the culturemedium, we used the method of counting quarters, where they gave the mycelial growth of antagonistic fungusTrichoderma sp., And the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp.Statistically there was a highly significant difference in the variable growth rate of Trichoderma sp. on pathogenicfungi Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp. at 3, 6 and 9 days that announces the time factor and treatments areinterdependent. The control variable showed a highly significant difference in the time factor and treatment, but theinteraction shows no significant difference this makes known factors that are independent, so the fungus Trichodermasp. not depend on time in treatment, thus showing its inhibitory power to Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp .. This testgives references that there is antagonistic fungus control on the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp.Debido al uso indiscriminado agroquímicos, en la agricultura convencional, se esta provocando problemas decontaminación del medio ambiente (suelo, aire y agua), de ahí que, la búsqueda de alternativas que contribuyan a unaproducción agrícola libre de agroquímicos haciendo sostenible la producción. En este trabajo se estudia el controlbiológico del damping off en café (Coffea arabica) aplicando el hongo antagónico Trichoderma sp., en condicionesexperimentales a escala de laboratorio, en instalaciones de la Unidad Académica Campesina Carmen Pampa,comunidad de Carmen Pampa, municipio de Coroico.El objetivo de este trabajo fue controlar biológicamente el “damping off”, se encontraron dos géneros causantes deldamping off en almacigo de café: Rhizoctonia sp. y Fusarium sp. Para determinar el porcentaje de crecimiento ycontrol en el medio de cultivo, se utilizó el método de conteo de cuadrantes, donde se obtuvieron los porcentajes delcrecimiento micelial del hongo antagónico Trichoderma sp.,y de los hongos fitopatógenos Rhizoctonia sp. y Fusariumsp.Estadísticamente existió una diferencia altamente significativa en la variable porcentaje de crecimiento deTrichoderma sp. sobre los hongos patógenos Rhizoctonia sp. y Fusarium sp. a los 3, 6 y 9 días esto da a conocer queel factor tiempo y los tratamientos son dependientes entre sí. La variable de control mostró una diferencia altamentesignificativa en el factor tiempo y tratamiento, pero en la interacción no muestra diferencia significativa esto da aconocer que son independientes los factores, por lo que el hongo Trichoderma sp., no depende del tiempo en lostratamientos, así mostrando su poder inhibidor a Rhizoctonia sp. y Fusarium sp.. Esta prueba da referencias de queexiste control del hongo antagónico sobre los hongos fitopatógenos Rhizoctonia sp. y Fusarium sp

'Neither a professional nor a friend': the liminal spaces of parents and volunteers in family support

Home-Start is a family support charity whose delivery model is a national and global example of how targeted volunteer support can benefit parents, carers and children experiencing difficult times, in both domestic and other spaces. Parenting support continues to be a key policy area for the current UK government and other policy-makers across the Global North. In this article we draw on qualitative findings from an ethnography of a Home-Start organisation in a city in the north of England. The theoretical framework of liminality, a space between social structures, allows for an appreciation of the ambiguous nature of supporting parents in the private domestic spaces, and the ways in which this support enables parents and families to move forward. The article has broader implications for global social care and social work practice, specifically demonstrating the importance of the relationships between parents and volunteers in the every day, and contributes to the literature on liminality

Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Multimodal MRI Results from the St George's Cognition and Neuroimaging in Stroke (SCANS) Study.

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a common cause of vascular cognitive impairment. A number of disease features can be assessed on MRI including lacunar infarcts, T2 lesion volume, brain atrophy, and cerebral microbleeds. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to disruption of white matter ultrastructure, and recently it has been suggested that additional information on the pattern of damage may be obtained from axial diffusivity, a proposed marker of axonal damage, and radial diffusivity, an indicator of demyelination. We determined the contribution of these whole brain MRI markers to cognitive impairment in SVD. Consecutive patients with lacunar stroke and confluent leukoaraiosis were recruited into the ongoing SCANS study of cognitive impairment in SVD (n = 115), and underwent neuropsychological assessment and multimodal MRI. SVD subjects displayed poor performance on tests of executive function and processing speed. In the SVD group brain volume was lower, white matter hyperintensity volume higher and all diffusion characteristics differed significantly from control subjects (n = 50). On multi-predictor analysis independent predictors of executive function in SVD were lacunar infarct count and diffusivity of normal appearing white matter on DTI. Independent predictors of processing speed were lacunar infarct count and brain atrophy. Radial diffusivity was a stronger DTI predictor than axial diffusivity, suggesting ischaemic demyelination, seen neuropathologically in SVD, may be an important predictor of cognitive impairment in SVD. Our study provides information on the mechanism of cognitive impairment in SVD

The correlation between reading and mathematics ability at age twelve has a substantial genetic component

Dissecting how genetic and environmental influences impact on learning is helpful for maximizing numeracy and literacy. Here we show, using twin and genome-wide analysis, that there is a substantial genetic component to children’s ability in reading and mathematics, and estimate that around one half of the observed correlation in these traits is due to shared genetic effects (so-called Generalist Genes). Thus, our results highlight the potential role of the learning environment in contributing to differences in a child’s cognitive abilities at age twelve

Western Indian Ocean marine and terrestrial records of climate variability: a review and new concepts on land-ocean interactions since AD 1660

We examine the relationship between three tropical and two subtropical western Indian Ocean coral oxygen isotope time series to surface air temperatures (SAT) and rainfall over India, tropical East Africa and southeast Africa. We review established relationships, provide new concepts with regard to distinct rainfall seasons, and mean annual temperatures. Tropical corals are coherent with SAT over western India and East Africa at interannual and multidecadal periodicities. The subtropical corals correlate with Southeast African SAT at periodicities of 16–30 years. The relationship between the coral records and land rainfall is more complex. Running correlations suggest varying strength of interannual teleconnections between the tropical coral oxygen isotope records and rainfall over equatorial East Africa. The relationship with rainfall over India changed in the 1970s. The subtropical oxygen isotope records are coherent with South African rainfall at interdecadal periodicities. Paleoclimatological reconstructions of land rainfall and SAT reveal that the inferred relationships generally hold during the last 350 years. Thus, the Indian Ocean corals prove invaluable for investigating land–ocean interactions during past centuries

Effect of disease related biases on the subjective assessment of social functioning in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia patients

Background: Questionnaires are the current hallmark for quantifying social functioning in human clinical research. In this study, we compared self- and proxy-rated (caregiver and researcher) assessments of social functioning in Schizophrenia (SZ) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and evaluated if the discrepancy between the two assessments is mediated by disease-related factors such as symptom severity. Methods: We selected five items from the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS) to assess social functioning in 53 AD and 61 SZ patients. Caregiver- and researcher-rated assessments of social functioning were used to calculate the discrepancies between self-rated and proxy-rated assessments. Furthermore, we used the number of communication events via smartphones to compare the questionnaire outcomes with an objective measure of social behaviour. Results: WHODAS results revealed that both AD (p < 0.001) and SZ (p < 0.004) patients significantly overestimate their social functioning relative to the assessment of their caregivers and/or researchers. This overestimation is mediated by the severity of cognitive impairments (MMSE; p = 0.019) in AD, and negative symptoms (PANSS; p = 0.028) in SZ. Subsequently, we showed that the proxy scores correlated more strongly with the smartphone communication events of the patient when compared to the patient-rated questionnaire scores (self; p = 0.076, caregiver; p < 0.001, researcher-rated; p = 0.046). Conclusion: Here we show that the observed overestimation of WHODAS social functioning scores in AD and SZ patients is partly driven by disease-related biases such as cognitive impairments and negative symptoms, respectively. Therefore, we postulate the development and implementation of objective measures of social functioning that may be less susceptible to such biases.The PRISM project (www.prism-project.eu) leading to this application has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 115916. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA. This publication reflects only the authors’ views neither IMI JU nor EFPIA nor the European Commission are liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Dr. Arango has also received funding support by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (SAM16PE07CP1, PI16/02012, PI19/024), co-financed by ERDF Funds from the European Commission, “A way of making Europe”, CIBERSAM. Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2), European Union Structural Funds. Fundación Familia Alonso and Fundación Alicia Koplowit

Guillain-Barré syndrome: a century of progress

In 1916, Guillain, Barré and Strohl reported on two cases of acute flaccid paralysis with high cerebrospinal fluid protein levels and normal cell counts — novel findings that identified the disease we now know as Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). 100 years on, we have made great progress with the clinical and pathological characterization of GBS. Early clinicopathological and animal studies indicated that GBS was an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder, and that severe GBS could result in secondary axonal injury; the current treatments of plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, which were developed in the 1980s, are based on this premise. Subsequent work has, however, shown that primary axonal injury can be the underlying disease. The association of Campylobacter jejuni strains has led to confirmation that anti-ganglioside antibodies are pathogenic and that axonal GBS involves an antibody and complement-mediated disruption of nodes of Ranvier, neuromuscular junctions and other neuronal and glial membranes. Now, ongoing clinical trials of the complement inhibitor eculizumab are the first targeted immunotherapy in GBS

Experimental and computational study of trace element distribution between orthopyroxene and anhydrous silicate melts: substitution mechanisms and the effect of iron

Although orthopyroxene (Opx) is present during a wide range of magmatic differentiation processes in the terrestrial and lunar mantle, its effect on melt trace element contents is not well quantified. We present results of a combined experimental and computational study of trace element partitioning between Opx and anhydrous silicate melts. Experiments were performed in air at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 1,326 to 1,420°C in the system CaO-MgO-A

In the Shadow of Celebrity? World-Class University Policies and Public Value in Higher Education

The growing popularity of the concept of world-class universities raises the question of whether investing in such universities is a worthwhile use of public resources. Does concentrating public resources on the most excellent universities improve the overall quality of a higher education system, especially if definitions of excellence and world-class are made by external ranking organizations? This paper addresses that question by developing a framework for weighing up trade-offs between institutional and system performance, focusing on the potential system-wide improvements which world-class university programmes (WCUPs) may bring. Because WCUPs are in a relatively early stage of their development, systemic effects are not yet clear. We therefore analyse the ex ante reasons that policy makers have for adopting WCUPs to see if they at least seek to create these systemic benefit